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He aha ngā Ngā Kowhitiwhiti Muka Anu ?
Ko ngā composite paraihe kārihi e toa ana hei ētahi o ngā tino rauemi hoki i āwhina ai i te kaha ki te whakauru ki te pāpaku rawa. Ko te tikanga ka hangaia mai i ngā wāhanga kārihi kua whakaurua ki roto i tētahi pouaka paraihe, e whakarato ana i te kaha me te māmā i te wā kotahi e hiahia ana ngā umanga pēnei i te āhua, ngā waka, me te hanga whare. He aha te mea e motuhake ai i ngā wāhanga kārihi? He tino whakarewa, engari he whiti tonu hoki te kaha ki te tū ki ngā tikanga uaua. Ko te takotoranga tēnei e whakamāramatia ai te āhua a ngā inuhi ki te whai i ngā composite kārihi ina hiahia koe ki te mea kaha engari kāore i te taumaha, ā, ina ngaro katoa te kaha o te kaha o te kaha.
Ko ngā composite paraihe karaihe e hangaia ana mā te whakakotahi i ngā rauemi rerekē i ngā ara e whakapakari ai i ō rātou āhuatanga mahi. Kei te pū o tēnei, ko ngā rauemi e whakauru karaihe karaihe e pakaru ana tātou ki te rōpahu, he epoxy te nuinga. Kātahi ka tāpirihia e ngā kaihanga atu anō hoki kia tākarotia ai ngā āhuatanga motuhake e hiahiatia ana mō ngā mahi motuhake. Hei tauira, ko ētahi tāpiritanga pea ka āwhina i te composite kia taea ai te whakapane rānei te takotoranga whakakaha. Ko te ara i whakamahia ai ngā pātai katoa e whakahaere ai i ngā composite karaihe karaihe hei whakamahi tino whai hua i ngā wāhi tūmatanui rereke ina he rauemi noa kāore pea i te tika.
Ngā tauwhitinga o Ngā Kowhitiwhiti Muka Anu
Ko ngā paraihe karboni he mea whakapai rawa atu ki te kaha ki te māmā, engari he whakapai hoki ki te whakaihii i te taumaha o ngā hanganga kia kaua e iti ake te kaha. Ētahi whakamātau e whakaatu ana kei te iti noa i te rite ki te rite ki te rino whakapiri engari he māmā ake i te nuinga o te wā. Ko te kaha ki te taumaha he mea nui rawa ki ngā wāhi pērā i te hanga manu. Ina māmā ake ngā rererangi, ka iti ake te kaiwhakamahi kaupeka, ka pai ake te rere. Tirohia te Boeing 787 Dreamliner hei tohu. Kātahi ka whakauru i te maha o ngā wāhanga karboni karawhiti, ā, kātahi ka kitea he whakapai ake i te rere o te kaupeka me te āhua o te taiao.
Kāore ngā tāpapa karapine he whakakaha anake, engari he pai ake te here i ngā korokoro i te nuinga o ngā tāpapa kei reira. Ko ngā metara e rere ana te rāpaki, e pakaru hoki ana te wā, ā, ina tūhono ana ki ngā taiao uaua. Engari e herea ana te karapine karaihe ki ngā tikanga katoa kaore i te whakaatu i ngā tohu o te whakamahinga. Ko te āhua nei ka maha ngā umanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ēnei tāpapa ina tūhono ana ki te rerekētanga o te āhuarangi, te pānga ki ngā huinga korokoro. Tangohia ngā waka tamarua, ngā motukā hoki hei tauira. Ko ngā kaihanga waka e aroha ana ki ngā wāhanga karapine karaihe i te mea ka kai te wai tāpu ake i ngā wāhanga metara noa i te wā ia marama. Ko ngā kaihanga motukā e kite ana i ngā painga e rua, ā, ina heke ki ngā rohe tata ki te tai i reira ka āwhina te hinga i te maru. Ko te aha o te roa o te wā ka iti ake ngā whakakapi e hiahiatia ana i muri mai, e tāngia ana te moni i te māmā, i te whakakapi anō i ia tau i roto i ngā tini umanga.
Kua whakawātea ngā tāpiritanga karapuna karawhiti i runga i te kaha ki te whakapapa me te whakatūtohu i ngā ara kāore he maha atu ngā rauemi e taea. Ko te mea nui i runga i te nui o ngā kaihanga he taea hoki te whakaputa i ngā rauemi nei ki ngā āhua me ngā hanganga pīroiroi rawa. Arā, he tōwari tonu ki ngā tūhono motuhake i reira e kore ngā rauemi papai e mahi. Whakahuatia te hanga me te hāpai i ngā taputapu hākinakina - he nui ngā painga mai i te whakawhitinga o ngā karawhiti karapuna ina hangaia ngā mea katoa mai i ngā tātā pōnaha māmā ki ngā wāhanga whare whakakaha. Ki te tirohia te whai mahi tūturu, ko te kaha o te kaha, te roa o te ora, tāpoi ko ngā tāpiritanga hoahoa katoa kua rite ki te karawhiti karapuna hei rauemi tuarua i ngā tāone angitu maha i tēnei wā.
Whakamahinga Ki Rōpū Rorohiko
Kua whakarahua te ake ake o ngā paraihe composite carbon i te kēmu i runga i ngā tini umanga katoa nā te iti rawa o te taumaha engari te whakapāinga. Tangohia te umanga hāerenga me te whawhai hei tauira ka tīmata ngā kaihanga ki te whakauru i ēnei ki ngā mea katoa mai i ngā kauta rererangi ki ngā takotoranga tinana e āki ai ngā hoia. Ko te putanga? Ko ngā rererangi he iti ake te taumaha i runga i te tata ki te whakapapa anō, arā ka iti ake te kora e whakamahia ana e ngā rererangi i ngā rere. Mō ngā rererangi hokohoko ka nui ake te utu ki te penapena, engari ka nui ake te take ina whai mōhio ana ki ngā whakangāhau o te tauā kei reka katoa te taumaha taapiri. Ka taea e ngā rererangi pakanga te kawe i ētahi atu pū mōhio kaore i te tautohetohe i te tere, ā, ka taea e ngā rererangi kawe waka te kawe i ngā utu taumaha ake i runga i ngā tawhā roa ake i mua i te hiahiatia ai i ngā tāpawhenua whakakī.
Kua kitea e ngā kaihanga waka ko te mātāpuna o te karapini he painga tūturu ina whakamahia ana i ā rātou tauira kaha. Āwhina ana i ngā waka kia eke tāroa ake i te iti ake o te kora, i te wā e tuku ana i te tere me te āhua māmā o te whakahaere. Anō hoki, ka whakamāmā i te whakaaetanga ki ngā tikanga whakaputanga uaua e whakapau ake ana ia tau. E kite ana ētahi kamupene ināianei i te karapini hei ara hei whakaiti i te taumaha o ngā waka kia kaua e iti ake te haumaru, te whiti anō rānei. Ko te putanga? He tino pai ake te kora kia katoa, me ngā waka e mahi pai ana i mua i te mea kāore i te taumaha i te ara.
Kei roto i te ao o ngā āhua whakahaere mahi ake me ngā mōhiohio whakaaro, kua āhei ngā hāpai pūmau karbona hei hanga i ngā rara moana nui, pērā i ngā papa rererangi me ngā pū tīrahangi golfa. E ai ki ngā hāpai nei, e whai ana i ngā tohu pai raweke, whakawhiwhia mai ana i te wāhi kei te ringa rangatira, ka taea te whakamahere i ngā rara hiki wehi, engari kaha, ka whai oranga hoki i te whakapakari whakahaere me te whakapakari.
Kua tīmata te rāngai hangahanga ki te whakauru i ngā pūhui muka waro ki ngā mahi whakapakari hanganga. Mā ēnei rauemi hangahanga e roa ake ai te roa o ngā whare, me te kore e tāpiri atu i tētahi taumaha ki a rātau. He aha te hua? He hanganga kaha ake e kaha ana ki te tu atu i te kaha o te wā. Kei te kite mātou i tēnei rauemi e tautoko ana i ngā āhuatanga hou i roto i te hoahoa whare, e hiahia ana ngā kaihoahoa ki te auahatanga me te pūmau i roto i ā rātou kaupapa. He maha ngā taone e hiahia ana ki ngā rongoā hanganga hou, ā, ka āwhina te muka waro ki te whakatutuki i aua tono. Mā te titiro ki ngā kaupapa tūturu huri noa i te ao e kite ai he aha i tino rongonui ai ēnei rauemi i ngā ahumahi rerekē e anga ana ki ngā wero ōrite ki ngā tikanga hanga tuku iho.
Whakahaere me te Pakari
Ko ngā taumau composite paraihe karihi e penapena moni ana i te wā roa ahakoa te utu whakauru ake nui ake. Ka nui ake te utu i te tuatahi i ngā taputapu noa, engari ka kitea e te nuinga o ngā kamupene ka utua te nui ake o te whakaurunga i te wā e hia. E roa ake ngā taputapu nei i ngā kōwhiringa, nō reira kāore he hiahia nui ki te whakakapi i ngā wāhanga, ki te tāpiri rānei i te utu mō ngā whakapai ake i muri i te wā. Hei tauira, kātahi ngā kaihanga motukā i whakapōke i ngā rārangi whakahaere e 30% i muri i te neke ki ngā wāhanga karihi. I runga i ētahi tau, ko tēnei momo penapena e hui tahi ana, e whakamārama ai he nui ngā kamupene aerospace me ngā kaihanga taputapu hākinakina i whakamātau. Ina nui ake te whakamahinga, pērā i ngā taiao haukotu, ka mārama ake te uara o te wā roa.
Ko te whakamahi i te hiko ka pā ki te nuinga ina tirohia ēnei ngota. Ko ngā paraihe karbona e whai ana i te kaha ki te iti ake te taumaha i ngā kōwhiringa tūturu, arānei kāore i te hinga atu te kaha e hiahiatia ana e ngā waka kia haere, ā he nui te whai pānga ki ngā takiwā waka. I whakatau tūhono ngā rangahau ka iti ake te taumaha o te waka e te 10 ōrau, ka hua mai ko te 5 ki te 7 ōrau te whai ake ake i te ōrau kaupeka. Ko te whai ake ake i te tāpoi e āwhina ana i ngā kamupene kia eke ki ō rātou whāinga kākāriki i te mea ka iti ake te kai i ngā kora hiko me te iti ake te whakaputanga para. Mai i ngā tarakihana ki ngā tōtō e nekeneke ana i ngā tāone, he pai ake ngā waka māmā ki te tuku i te moni me te taiao.
Kei te pai rawa te mahi a te karbona whakarewa i ngā āhuatanga whakapāhunu, nō reira he uaua ki te ngongo mō ngā whakamahinga kākāriki mō te maha o ngā kaihanga. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā tāwhai tāone e taea ana te whakarewa i te whakapāhunu māmā, e mārama ana kei te nuinga o ngā rangahau e hāere ana ki te whakahaere kounga i roto i ngā tāone rerekē. Ko te roa o te kaha e nui ana te whai pānga ki ngā wāhi pērā i te hanga rererangi, i te whakapai hōiho rāpeti rānei, i reka ai ngā taputapu ki te tū mai i raro i ngā tikanga tino kaha i ia rā. Kāore ngā kamupene e mahi tahi ana me te karbona whakarewa kia tāutia ana i ā rātou whāinga e mōhio ana rātou ki te eke atu i ngā mea i whakaponoa kua taea tātou e pā ana ki te roa o te kaha me te āhua whaihua o te mahi i raro i te whakapāhunu.
Ngā Whakamahi me ngā Hono Atawhai
Ko ngā tāpiritanga karapini kei te uru ki ngā whakawhitinga huarahi nui ina hiahia ana kia hanga, kia whakamahia anō hoki i ēnei tāpoi. Kei te nui tonu te utu kia hangaia, ā, kei te uaua rawa hoki te whakamahi anō i ngā wāhanga tawhito nā te uaua ki te tango i ngā karapini karaihe. Kua whakaatu ngā raraunga a te tāone māori kua whakamahia ngā tikanga whakamahi anō e rua, ko te whakaputua i ngā wāhanga, ko te whakakaha rānei i te wera nui, e rua pea ka pā ki ngā utu. Ko ēnei utu hui tāpiri ka whakapōuri i ngā kaihanga kia whānui ake i ā rātou tāone, ahakoa te hiahia e tipu haere ana i roto i ētahi tāone.
Ahakoa he nui ngā whakapāhunu e tū mai ana, kei te whakarereke i te ara hāngai ki te hanga i ngā mea i tēnei tāone te hangarau hōu hāngai. Ka tīmata mai i ngā punaha whakarite i te paraihe ake me te tākupu 3D hei tauira, kei te arataki i te arataki i ngā tikanga hāngai hōu. Ka whakapai ake ēnei ara i te mahi ake o ngā whare hāngai i te wā e iti ake ai te wā e wehe ai ngā hua i te rara. Ko te mea kei te pīrangi hoki, ko ngā kamupene e whakauru nei i ngā taputapu e kite ana i ā rātou mahi e whakahaere paihia ana i ia rā. Anō hoki, ko ngā wāhanga e iti ake ngā utu ki te hāngai, ā, ko te whakatutuki i tētahi o ngā raru matua e whai paku ai i te umanga taupiri karaihe karaihe. I kitea e maha ngā kaihāngai kua whakapai ake i ā rātou raina whakamutunga kia noho ko te whakauru i ēnei tikanga matua ki ā rātou mahere mahi.
Kua neke te whai hua mai i te tuanui ki te herekanga pakihi tahi atu ko ngā whakapai ake i ngā whakapai e kite ana i te rā o te kaupeka. E whakaputangia ana e ngā kaihanga kē atu i te wā kua pērā nei ngā moni ki ngā ara pai ake hei whakahaere i ngā parurenga me te rapu whakamahinga hou mō ngā taputapu e kīa ana ki ngā wāhi tāpapa. Mō ngā tāpiritanga parakore e pā ana ki te kiriata kārihi, he nui te aronga ki te tāone kia pai ai te aronga ki te tikanga o te whanonga hauhake, i te nuinga o ngā tikanga e whakaputahia ai ngā raru hauhake. Kei te mōhio te umanga katoa me āki ake te whare mehemea kei te hiahia kia noho tonu te whai wāhi ki ngā umanga e mōhio ana ngā kaihoko ki te kāwhe. Heoi anō, kei te tōhono i waenganui i te haerenga ki te kākāriki me te utu i te hiahia e tipu haere ana mō ēnei taputapu whakapai, he uaua tonu te wāhi noho mō te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere i te mara.
Ki te kore whakaritea he kōrero whakamutunga, ahakoa ko ngā whakahaere me te whakauru i te hanga me te whakahoki i ngā hapahapa karbona e whai take ana i ngā whakaritenga kē, ko te whakamahi i ngā momo hanga hou me te whakaae matua ki te whakangungu ka taea te tukua i ngā ara whakamua hei whakatika i ēnei pūtake, me te whakamana i ngā whakamua o te tūmomo.
Ngā Whakatuitui Karbona o Mua
Kei te whai ara a ngā composite paraihe kārihi ki ngā takiwā hou i ia wā, ā, he tino nui hoki ki ngā pūnaha hauora whakarewa me ngā kaupapa hāngai ki te wā kaihāngai. I te nuinga o ngā kaihanga e whakapai ake ana i ā rātou tikanga whakaputa, i te whakauru i ngā taputapu matihiko ki ngā rārangi whakaputa kua whakakaha i te kounga o ngā hua, i te wā me ngā rauwehe hoki. Ko ngā kaiāro ki te maakete e whakapono ana ko te tipu pakanga ka tū ake mō te paraihe kārihi, ā, e ētahi whakatau e whakaatu ana ka tipu pea te ahumahi ki te tata ki te 10% i ia tau mō ētahi tau e whai muri nei. He aha ai? Nā te mea kei te hiahia ngā kamupene i ngā wāhi maha ki ngā matū e whai māmā, e whai kaha ana. Mai i ngā wāhanga aerospace ki ngā rereparapara o ngā pūhiko hau, kei te nui ake te nuinga o te paraihe kārihi i te rapu ake e ngā kamupene i ngā ara hei whakapai ake i te whakapapa whakapae me ngā tātai kounga.
FAQ
Ko ēhea ngā mea e whai ai i ngā muka karbona?
E whai ana ngā muka karbona i ngā niho karbona e kawe ana i waenganui i te rehurehu polimā, ko te epokisi te nuinga, e mahi ana hoki i ngā whakanui kē ki te whakapai ngā āhuatanga, pērā i te kawe haere me te whakahoki ki te kōkiri.
He aha ngā take i kitea ai ngā muka karbona hei whakamahere i roto i te whakatere?
Ko te mea nui i waihanga ai te whakapuakitanga o te mana moe, he whakaiti i te mana moe, e whai ake ana i te whakatutuki i te whakamahana moenga me te paanga.
Me pēhea te whakaaroaro o ngā kōmihana karbona ki te whanonga?
Ki te whakaiti i te mana moe o te waka, ka tautoko ngā kōmihana karbona i te oranga moniwha me ngā ture hokohoko, e hiahiatia ana hei tika mō te taiao.
He aha ngā momo takohanga i roto i te whakahoki i ngā kōmihana karbona?
He matatū, he nui rawa te kaiwhakahaere i te mahi whakahoki, nā te hēninga o te hokohoko rānei o ngā whatunga i waenganui i ngā wāhanga paihere, ka whakamāheikī ai te whakahoki.
