Nga Pātai Top 10: Nga Tūmomo Hangarau Whakarite mo nga Whakangungu Tauira

Whakamahinga Matua Rākau Hanga mō ngā Kaihanga Tūranga Kaitīmata

Uenuku vs. Pūtahi Hānuere: Nga Whakaaetanga Matua

Mō tētahi e timata ana ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakarewa, he whakapāhunu pea te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā CNC mills me ngā tāhuna ā-ringa i te tuatahi. Tīmata tātou ki ngā taputapu CNC, ngā punaha Rorohiko Tauwhitinga Rorohiko e mōhiotia ana ka whakahaere i ngā taputapu whakarewa ki te kapi i ngā rārangi e hiahia ana kia mōhio ngā taputapu whakarewa me te mahi. Kei te pai ēnei nā te mea ka tapahia ngā wāhanga ki te whakapapa tika tātata i ia wā, ā, ko te āhua nei he pai ki ngā toihau hei hanga i ngā miriona wāhanga tāpiri, i ngā āhua pīroiroi rānei e hiahiatia ana kia rite tonu te āhua i te tauā. Engari he kōrero kē te paku mātātoko. Kei te herea ngā tohunga tāhuna ā-ringa i te whakawhitinga tinana tūturu mai i te kaiwhakahaere, e homai ana i te tōtika o te whakahaere ki te kaihanga. E whai kaha ana te āhua o te whakapapa i te mātāpuna mā te ringa, te herea i te whakapae ki te pāpaku i te wā e hangaia ana te wāhanga. Kei te noho tonu te nuinga o ngā toihau i tētahi tāhuna ā-ringa hei whakamahi mō ngā tauira tere, mō ngā kaupapa takitahi rānei e hiahiatia ai ngā wāhanga e rua e rite kore pea.

Ko te whiriwhiri i waenganui i te CNC mill me te tōpuni ā-ringa ka tāwhai katoa ki te hiahia o te mahi. Ko ngā mīhini CNC e pai ana kia tere ai te whakaputa i ngā wāhanga maha, ā, he tino pai hoki mō ngā wāhanga paraire penei i ngā tapa karbona e herea ana e ngā rohe tōtika. Kāore hoki ēnei mīhini e whakamā. Engari, he wāhi tonu ake kei te wāhi ā-ringa, ā, he tino whai paku rawa atu mō ngā taputapu iti ake i te nuinga o te wā e hiahia ana koe kia whakatika i ngā mea i te wā e haere ana koe. Ko te nuinga o ngā tohunga e whakapono tonu ana ki ngā tōpuni ā-ringa mō ētahi mahi nā te mea he āhua rerekē te āhua o te mātātoko i te pātai ki te rākai. Ko ngā kainewa he pai ki te whai mōhio ki ngā kōwhiringa katoa i mua i te hoko i ngā taputapu, nā te mea he āhua rerekē te hiahia ki te tōtika o te mīhini i ētahi kaupapa, i ētahi atu ko te whai pānga ki te hinengaro me te whirrawhira o te tangata i te wā o te mahi.

Nga Taputapu Kati Noho Tūmatawhāiti

Ina tīmata pea tētahi ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu, he nui te rerekētanga o te whai i ngā taputapu tika. Ko te tīmatanga he tōaitanga anō ko ngā karu kauta e taea ai te tono pūpahi, te pāpaku rānei, te taha ki te taha rānei. Kātahi ka tū a ngā kauta rere ki te whai i ērā whakaputanga iti nei i te wāhi e hiahiatia ana. Ā, kaua e wareware ki ngā kauta kōpū, ērā anō ngā kaimahi iti nei e hanga ai i ngā kōpū ki roto i ngā taputapu. Ko te mea nui rawa ki te kainewa he te whai taputapu e whakauru ai i te maha o ngā wā tākarotia kaua ko te pakaru. Me whakauru ngā taputapu pono ki te whakamahi i te paraihe paraihe kia kaua e wareware tōmua, kia taea ai e koe te mahi tika ia wā.

Ko te whiriwhiri i waenganui i te karaiti me te kohatu huarere tere ka whakarua i te rerekētanga ina tāone te pāmahana o ngā taputapu tapa me te roa o te wā e mau ai. Ko te karaiti pea he utu nui ake, engari e kore e iti noa te utu i te kaha ki te mau. Kei te noho pāmahana tonu ēnei taputapu ina tāone ki te hau teitei, ko reira i te maha o ngā toihau e whiriwhiri ana i ēnei ina mahi ana ki ngā tātai uaua pērā i ngā tātai huinga karaihe. I te taha ke, kei te noho tāone te kohatu huarere tere i waenganui i ngā umanga iti ake i te mea kāore i te nui te utu me te mahi tūmahi ana i ngā mahi rereke mai i ngā mahi māmā ki ngā mahi tapa tūmomo. Mō ngā kaihautū hou ki te mahi huinga, he uaua ki te kite i te wāhi tika i waenganui i ngā kōwhiringa e tāwhai ana i te pūtea me ngā wherawhera pāmahana. Ko te nuinga i waenganui i ngā kaihautū hou ka whakamātau ki ngā kōwhiringa rerekē o ngā taputapu kia kitea ai he aha e tika ana mō ō rātou anō toihau me ngā here o ngā kaupapa.

Ngā Whakahauhere Tārewa: TTS vs. BT30 Kītonu

He nui te whai hua o te tīpako i te tika o te punaha pupuri taputapu ina hiahia ana kia pakari me te whakahaere pakanga. Tangohia te punaha TTS hei tauira Ko te Whenu Tool Ko te mea he whakauru tere tēnei ka whakamāmā ake i te whakakapi i ngā taputapu tōraroa i ngā tikanga ake. Ko te iti ake o te wā kāore i te mahi ka tūhono ai te whanaketanga, nō reira he pai tēnei mō ngā kaiwhakahaere hōu ki te whakahaere hiko. Ko te mea e rite ana ki te punaha tēnei ko te tere ki te tūhono ake i ngā whirikenga i te wā kotahi. Ko ngā kaiwhakamahi hōu e whakapajenuki ana i te whakawhitinga o ngā taputapu i ā rātou kapa.

Ko te kaitiaki BT30 e whakarato ana i te whakapāinga pai ake me te whakaahei i ngā huringa tere ake i waenganui i ngā taputapu, e hāngai ana ki ngā mahi e hiahiatia ana ngā here tino whakaaetanga me ngā rorohiko tere. Ka tū, he iti noa te whakarite tūhono i te whakataurite ki ngā tauira takitahi, engari ka mihi ngā tohunga taputapu ki te whakahaere atu e kawea mai ana e tēnei rautaki, he mea motuhake ina tautohe ana i te piriti i ngā kōpae paraihe rākau, i te whakahaere rānei i ngā pōro rākau rerehua kaua ko te whara i a rātou. Kāore e hāngai kia tango i te kapi taputapu e āhua pai ana te āhua anake. Me whakawātea te wā ki te whai whakaaro ki te āhua o ngā mahi e tino mahia ana me te āhua noho whakapā ki te whakahaere i ngā taputapu rerekē. Ko ngā rautaki penei i te BT30 he whakaainga ake ina huihuia ana e tētahi te mōhio eke noa ana me te tīmata i ngā kaupapa nui, i ngā kaupapa uaua ake i te wā kei muri.

Te Kaitohu Takeaha Tōtika Mō Ōu Kaupapa

Ngā Whakaaro mō ngā Matā: Meteoroa vs. Komipoutanga

Ko te whiriwhiri i te rauemi tika hei whakamahi tuanui ka tīmata ki te mōhio ki te aha e wehe ai ngā metara rerekē. Ka whakahuatia te ālumini, hei tauira he māmā ki te inu, engari he pērā i te pātītī, nō reira ko te tino pai ake mō ngā tohunga whakamahi. He kōrero rerekē te kōrero a te whiti. He pēpi tāone, kāore he pāpaku, engari ko taua kaha e hiahiatia ana ngā taputapu motuhake hei rite ki tana anuanu. Kei te kāpua hoki te karbon, tēnei rauemi huinga e whai ana i te māmā me te kaha kautū kaore i te pakaru i ngā wā e pā ana. Ko te mea e wehe ai i te karbon hoki ko ēnei āhua ataahua pērā i te here i te kaha ki te kaha me te noho pakari tērā pea i te rere o ngā rā. Nō reira ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga rererangi me ngā kaihanga waka e huri ana ki a ia. Mō ngā tāngata e tiimata ana, whai mōhio ki te nui o te moni e wātea ana, me te tikanga e hiahiatia ana e te kaupapa, me te mōhio hoki me te nui ake o te utu ki te karbon fiber e utua ana i ngā kōwhiringa metara iti ake. Kātahi ka taea e tētahi te whiriwhiri i te iti ake me te nui ake te utu i te wā e hiahiatia ana.

Ngā Taputapu Karu Karboni Whakatipu vs Ngā Taputapu Tītana Kīraho

Ko te whiriwhiri i te kōpae-tihi karaipaiti ki te tōtika haea haea (HSS) he nui te hāngai ki te ahurea o ngā mahi e hiahiatia ana. Ko ngā taputapu karaipaiti e mōhiotia ana mo te roa o te wā e mau ai me te āhua pai ake o te whakahaerenga wera, e pai ana mō ngā mahi uaua pērā i te mahi ki ngā tōtika whakakaha, tikangia te kaha ake o ngā taputapu. I te tatau, ko ngā taputapu HSS he iti ake te utu i te tuatahi me te pai ake mō te nuinga o ngā mahi hāpai i te rā i ngā wā e kore ana i te tino pikinga o ngā tikanga. Ko te nuinga o ngā toihau e kaiwhiri ana i te karaipaiti ina hiahia ana ki te tapa kaha, i ngā wā e tūpono ana te utu o te wehenga ki te mano. I te wā kotahi, ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga e tiimata ana e kitea ana ko ngā taputapu HSS he whiriwhiri tika mō ngā ākonga i ā rātou whakapakari i te mea e whakaaetia ana i ngā wā o te whakamātau engari he whai hua tonu. Ko te whai mōhio e pā ana ki te rahinga moni e utua ana i te tuatahi ki te roa o te wā e mau ai tēnā, tēnā huinga e āki ai te nuinga o ngā toihau ki te whiriwhiri tika kua hāngai ki ā rātou ake here moni me ngā here huihuinga.

Nō reira i te wā e whakamahina ana ngā koreti ER ki runga i ngā kaiwhakaawe taputapu katoa

Kei te mātua whakatau te whiriwhiri i waenganui i ngā kōpata ER, i te nuinga o ngā kaitiaki taputapu kua whakaritea hoki i te kaha o te whakauru taputapu. Āwhina ake ngā kōpata ER i ngā kaiwhakauru taputapu ki te whirianei nā te mea ka taea e rātou te whakauru i ngā taputapu e rereke ana te rahi. Ko te nui ake o ngā kaitiaki taputapu kua whakaritea he kaha ake te here i te wā e whakamahi ana i ngā mahi tapu kaha. Ina mahi ana i tētahi mea e hiahiatia ana te whakauru tōtika i te wā e roa ana te tapu, ko ngā kaitiaki taputapu kua whakaritea ka mahi pai ake. Ko te whiriwhiri kei te mutunga o te rā he aha te momo mahi e hiahiatia ana. E ētahi whare huihuinga ka kitea e rātou ko te tōaitanga o te wā ka tōia rātou ki tētahi taha, ki tētahi atu rānei i runga i ngā momo tāonga e mahia ana i ia rā. Mā te tika tēnei ka tūhono te whakapakari i ngā tau whai kiko, i ngā hua hoki ka tūtohu i ngā whakaritenga.

Ngā Whakamahi o ngā Roroā me ngā Pānui Karbona

Kua tīmata te whakamahi i ngā taputapu paraihe karuhi i te nuinga o ngā tāone matua mai i te kaha o te kaihokohoko. Ko te hangarau waka hokio me te hangarau waka koiora ngā tauira anō nei. Ko ngā wāhi e rua nei e hāngai ana ki ngā wāhanga paraihe karuhi i āwhina ai i te kaha o te kaha me te māmā o te taumaha i te nuinga o ngā taputapu tuawhenua. Ina hangaia ngā anga rererangi, ina whakaritea ngā tinana waka hou, ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga ngā paraihe karuhi me ngā paparanga i te nuinga i te mea he kaha, he māmā hoki hei whakapai ake i te whakamahi kora. Kua kitea e tātou tēnei taputapu ki ngā wā katoa mai i ngā rerepara rererangi ki ngā waka tākaro Formula 1, ā, ki ngā waka pere hou anō hoki. He aha te mea e whakamārama ai i te paraihe karuhi? Ka taea e ia te patu tino kaha kia kaua e māminga, e whakamarama ai i te nuinga o ngā kaihanga e hiahia ana kia whakamahi i tēnei taputapu hei hanga i ngā hua e taea ai te noho ki ngā taiao pīroiroi, ki ngā kaha tino nui rānei i te wā o te whakahaere.

Whakauru Moni: Kākano Karbona vs. Ngā Pūngao Tuku Iho

Kei te hiahiatia te titiro ki te tahua utu mō te pāpaku karbona i ngā tāpoi whakauru hau teka pērā i te hinu, te pāpaku rānei i te utu tuatahi anake. Āe, he nui ake te utu mō te pāpaku karbona i te tīmatanga, engari ka utua pea ngā taro haurua nei mā te whakamahi pai ake i te wā roa me te māmā o te taumaha e penapena ai i te moni i ngā tau e heke mai ana. Ka whakamahia ngā waka hei tauira – ko te māmā ake o te taumaha ka iti ake te kaihoko i te kora. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā raraunga a te umanga, ka taea e ngā waka he iti ake te kai hiko i te 20% i te roa o te waka, ā, he nui tana kawenga ina whakareatia ki te mano tāra e haere ana. Ahakoa kāore ngā pakihi katoa e kite i ngā moni hoki tūturu i te tīmatanga, kei te kitea e maha kaimana me ngā umanga e pā ana ki te hau me te mahi whakahirahira ngā moni penapena hei whakaaetanga i te utu tuatahi, ā, ina hui tahi ki ngā whaihua pai ake o te hua.

Ngā Tānga Whakapā Nui mo ngā Komipunete Karbona Faiber

Ko ngā tāpapa o te karapuna hiriwa e hiahiatia ana ngā tikanga whakarewa motuhake nā te wehe kē o te arataki i ngā tikanga e mōhiotia ana. Ko te tikanga pai rawa atu mō te nuinga o ngā toa ko te whakarewa tere pakeke tāpirihia ana ki ngā kōpae pōhaku karakia nā te mea ka āwhina i te kawenga taputapu kia iti ake me te pupuri i ngā tātai tino tata. Ina mahi ana ki te karapuna hiriwa, kei te tāone nui hoki ētahi raru - he nui ngā wā e parurewa ana me te wehe kē pea i ngā takotoranga ki te kāore e tūpato ana. Ko te tikanga, me whakarite i ngā taputapu whakamātau me te whakaroa i te tere o ngā arataki. Ko te whakahaere i te pāpaku he mea nui anō hoki. Kāore te pāpaku karapuna hiriwa i te kaino, he pāpaku hoki tēnei e āwhina ai i te whāngai hauwhā i ngā wā roa. Ko ngā pūnaha hauwhātanga pai kāore i te kōwhiri engari he mea whakaaetia, tāpirihia ana ki ngā taputapu ārai mō te whāngai me te tiaki i ngā kanohi ki ngā pāpaku iti nei e noho hau ana. Kāore i ēnei tākarotanga, āwhina ana hoki ngā kaiwhakarewa hui. Mā te whai i ēnei mea katoa e āwhina i ngā kaiwhakarewa kia mahi tahi me te karapuna hiriwa kia kaua e whakakaha i ana kaha me te whakararu i a rātou anō.

Te Whakarite Pūtea mō te Pūkaha Rākau Hanga

Ngā Urukei Hanganga CNC

Kei te tīmata ki te whakauru ki tētahi CNC tā mea tīmatanga he nui ngā utu, e toru mano ki te waru mano tāra i te nuinga o te wā, e hāngai ana ki te katoa o ngā mea kei roto. Ko ēnei tauira tuatahi he whai wāhi nui ki te whakauru i tētahi hōu ki te mahi tā mea, ahakoa he iti noa ngā wāhi mahi me te iti ake ngā pōkai tuarua i ngā tauira kairangi. E maha ana ngā tāngata e whiriwhiri ana ki te whakauru ki te hoko i ēnei taputapu, e hāngai ana ki te whakaputu i tētahi rahi o te tā māwhiti, kātahi ka utu i te toenga i ngā wā e hiahiatia ana. Ko ngā whakaaetanga pūkapi, ngā akomanga ako tika, me te whakauru tika i te katoa o ngā mea ka pā ki te utu whakamutunga e hui tahi ki te tekau, te whātekau rānei tāra. Hei te mutunga ka tūhono ki te katoa o ngā tāngata e hiahia ana ki te ako i ngā tikanga tā mea tika. Ko te wheako ake ka whai wāhi ki te mahi tahi ki ngā taputapu CNC tika he whai wāhi ki te ako i ngā pūkenga uara ake, ā, ka tūtohu hoki i ngā wā katoa ka hui tahi ngā wāhanga i āhua rite ki te āhua i whakaritea ai.

Ngā Utu Whakarite: Whakahaere me ngā Taputapu

Ko te whakatakotoranga moni mō ngā taputapu whirihau he whai mōhio ki waho i te utu hokohoko ki ngā utu huna e hāngai ana ki te whakahaere whakapai hui tārua. Me whakahaere ngā taputapu i te wā roa kia pai ake ai te mahi, kē māmā ake ngā utu nui i te mutunga ina pāpaku ai. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere hōu ka wareware ki ngā mea iti nei ka hui tārua ina whakahaere ai i ngā taputapu. Whai mōhio ki ngā panonitanga hinu, ngā taputapu horoi, pera i te whiringa i tētahi tangata i te wā roa mō ngā tirotiro matua. Ka ngaro pea ngā moni e 10 ki te 15 ōrau o te utu i riro ai i te taputapu i ia tau. Ko te wehenga moni mō ēnei mea ka whakapaua te whakahaere pai, ka roa ake te ora o ngā taputapu utu nui, ka iti ake hoki ngā wā e herea ai te mahi i te wā e pāpaku ana tētahi mea.

Ngā Whakamahere Moni Pūmau Mō Ngā Hobbyst

Mō ngā kaihākinakina e tōtika ana ki te kaihoko i ngā taputapu māhinahina, kei te nui ngā kōwhiringa e āhua utu whai hua ana. Ka taea e ngā tāpoi taputapu kua whakamahia te penapena i te rautau, i te mano rānei i ngā taputapu hōu. Kei te nui ngā toa e hoko ana i ngā taputapu kua whakamahia engari kua tiakina tika, me te nui ake pea i te iti noa te awhina kia hua anō. Ko te uaua ko te whiriwhiri mēnā he tika kia iti ake te utu i te tuatahi mō ā rātou hiahia. Kei te pai ngā taputapu utu iti mō ngā whakatika tūmaha, mō ngā tautuhinga taupua anō hoki. Engari, ko ērā e whakapau ana i ā rātou anō kaupapa mō te wā roa pea ka whai pāngawhenua ki te maha ake o ngā taputapu utu iti e pakaru mariko ana, e whai hua kore pea hoki. Ko ngā taputapu utu nui he roa ake te wā e mau ai, he pai ake hoki te mahi i te mutunga, ā, he nui tēnei mō ngā kaupapa nui e here ana i te tika, i te whakamātau hoki.

Ngā Tirohanga Pai Mō Te Haere Tika Me Te Whakahaere

Te Taunga Pūnaha Tika Me Te Whakatika

Ko te kaiwhanga tapanga pai he mea whakarua katoa ina hiahia ana kia mau tonu ai nga tapanga tapanga me te roa o te wā. Ina tapangia ngā tapanga tūturu, ka noho haumaru i ngā whara me ngā kaimahi ka taea te tango i te mea e hiahi ana korekau he wā nui e kimi ana. Ko te whakarerekētanga i ia wā hoki he mea nui no te mea kāore e hiahia ana kia pakaru pea, kōaro rānei te kounga o ngā mahi e puta mai ana i ngā mīhini. Ko te nuinga o ngā toa e kitea ana ko te tautohu i te tautohu i ia wiki e iti ana i ngā raru iti ka aukati i ngā raru nui ake me ngā hua hōu. Ko tētahi ara whai hua hei whakarāwekenga i ngā tapanga? He pēra tonu te mahi a ngā pouaka kua tapangia, engari ētahi e whakapono ana ki ngā paparorohiko whakapae ki ngā tuanui e whakaatu ana i te wāhi e ngaro ai te mea i te tāone.

Whakahaere Pūtae i roto i te Whakawhitiwhiti Hangarau

He nui te whai hua ki te whakahaere i te kōpōpō i ngā toihau whakapapa, ā, ina tautohe ana ki ngā mea uaua pērā i te karbona hōu. Kāore ngā pātīkiriiti itiiti e noho ana i te hau i te nuinga o te wā i te āhua anake, engari kei te whai hua hoki ki te kounga o te hau, ā, ka whakapōuri haere i ngā mīhini. Ko te whakauru i ngā pūnaha tōtō kōpōpō tika he rerekētanga nui ki te whakaiti i ērā ngā pātīti hau, me te whakapumau i te whakahaere o ngā taputapu. Me whakauru ngā toihau e mōhio ana ki te haumāta te āhua ki ngā wāhi mahi, me ngā kōpōpō hau e hangaia ana mō te rongoa i te kōpōpō karbona. Kāore he noa kia ma te toihau, he māmā hoki. Kei te noho tūkino ngā kaimahi e mahi ana i ngā tikanga pāpōpō ki ngā tāpono o rātou ake i te wā roa. Ko te whakapūmau i te horakina he wāhi haumāta hei mahi, i te wā kotahi ka tiaki i te tangata me ngā mīhini utu nui mai i ngā whara i te wā roa.

Whakamutunga i ngā Taihoa Tūmatanui Whare Hanganga

Ko te haumāmātanga toihau he mea nui rawa atu i te tautohe ki te whakauru ki ngā taputapu. Ko te nuinga o ngā tāngata e taraweti ana i ngā papa taraweti, e tāwhai ana i ngā wāhanga neke, i ngā pakanga rānei i te raru mai i ngā parakete e pakaru ana i te wā o te mahi. Ko te whiwhi i ngā taputapu tika he mea nui rawa - e tiaki ana i ngā ringaringa mai i ngā tapa koi, e whakamaru ana i ngā kanohi mai i ngā papa kōhatu, ā, ko te whakamaru i te rongo taringa e aki ai te raru mai i te rara. Ko ngā kaimahi hōu me whai mātau tino i mua i te whakamahi i ngā taputapu. Ko te nuinga o ngā toihau e huihui ana i te marama ina eke ana ngā kaimahi hau teka ki te ārahi i ngā tikanga o te āki ai, ā, e tohu ana i ngā raru e huna ana ki te papa o te toihau. Ko ētahi atu kamupene kei te pupuri i ngā kōpaki e kumea ana i ngā ripoata pakanga mai i ētahi atu wāhi kia mōhio ai ngā kaimahi ki te aha i te whara i ērā atu wāhi. Ānei ngā rauemi e āwhina ai i te hanga i ngā tikanga e toa ana i muri i te wātū mātau tuatahi.

FAQ

He aha te tatau nui i waenganui i ngā pūhanga CNC me ngā pūhanga hokoā ringa?

Ko ngā pūhanga CNC he whakahaere anōmā, e whakamahi ana i ngā raetitika rorohiko mo ngā mahi tika me ngā whakahaere e tipu ana, ka pai hei whakamahinga mō ngā whakahaere nui, nā reira ka whai katoa ngā pūhanga hokoā ringa i te whakahaere ā-ringa, ka whakamana i ngā hoahoa tūhono, pai noa hei whakamahinga mō ngā tuhinga rautaki.

Me pēhea te whaihua o ngā rautaki carbide me ngā rautaki high-speed steel?

Kei te whakamana ngā hoko kiwara hei whakatū i te tūnuku me te whiuhere rākau, e pai ana mo ngā maha kiko whakahirahira, ā, nō reira kei te pai rawa anō ngā hoko kaiwhiriwhiri kiwara ki te noho whenu whai take atu, e pai ana mo te hanga o te nui o ngā whakamahi.

He aha te take ki te kawe i te karbona fīwera i runga i ngā whenu tawhito?

Ka tukuna te take whakapūmau me te wae iti i waenganui i ngā mete, ka taea te whakamana i ngā takitahi pūngao nui mō te wae me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere.