EN
He aha te mea Muka waro ?
Ko te pātītī karapini te rite ki tana whakapāwhara rawa atu engari he māmā noa te kaha, i te tikanga he nui ake ngā tarau iti o ngā ngota karapini e whiria ana. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga e whakakotahi ana i ēnei ngota karapini ki tētahi rāpoi pāpaku rānei hei hāpai i te karapini rānei rānei hei CFRP mō te poto. Ina hiahiatia ana e ngā inihua he mea e kaha ana i te kore e nui ana te inenga, ka whai hua ki a ratou ngā karapini. Ko te aronga hoki i ēnei wāhi mai i ngā wāhanga rererangi ki ngā tinana waka tākāwa. Ko te umanga rererangi me te rererangi hoki āwhina i ēnei kia murua te inenga i te wā e whakapono ana i te whakapāwhara o te hanganga, ā, ko ngā kamupene waka kua tīmata ki te whakauru i ēnei ki ngā waka kaha-kaha i te wā i te katoa o te karamu e tata ana.
Ko te paraihe karaihe e whai nui atu i te 90% karaihe, e hāngai ana ki ngā āhua motuhake ka mōhio katoa ki a mātou. Ko te take ka pakari ana te mea nei he māmā hoki ko te nui o te karaihe. Ki te whakaritea ki ngā mātāpuna, he iti noa te paraihe karaihe engari he pakari ana ki te whakapā. Ko te kaiwhakauru he paraihe karaihe tonu ina hiahiatia ana kia iti te kaha engari he pakari kia taea ai ngā mahi uaua. Whai whakaaro ki ngā waka tākaro, ki ngā waka hōu rānei e manawa ana i te katoa o te kaha engari kaua e whakarupeke te kaha o te hanganga.
Ko te rāwekenga o te īnhua karapuna i te tau 1950, ahakoa i mua i taua wā i āhua whakamātauia kē ngā tāone karapuna i ngā tau e maha rā. Ko ngā āhua tuatahi he whakakaha i ngā mea takotoranga pērā i te rayon, i te cellulose rānei kia hangaia ai ngā kōhatu tino māmā, engari i āhua māmā tonu ake rātou i te nui rawa hoki. Kua rerekētia te āhuatanga i te tau 1958 ina kua whai ara ngā kairangahau ki te hanga i ngā karu karapuna kua whai kaha kē ai hei mahi. Ki te takiwā o te tau 1960s, kua āhua kitea e ngā kaihanga ngā whakamahinga ki te āpora hoki rānei ki ngā taputapu hoki rānei e nui ana te nui o te taumaha. Kua whakapai ake ngā tikanga whakaputa i te wā, kua neke haere te īnhua karapuna mai i ngā tāone takotoranga ki ngā hua noa mai i ngā taputapu hākinakina ki ngā wāhanga motukē, kua ko te tāone takotoranga tērā i te nuinga o te hunga inoi katoa ahakoa tana hītori tawhito.
Ngā Āhuatanga Matua o Muka waro
He aha te mea e wehe ai te paraihe karbona i ngā taputapu tawhito pērā i te hinu? Tuhia ngā tau. E rite ana te kaha o te paraihe ki te rima ngā wā o te hinu, engari he māmā noa iho hoki. Ko te takotoranga nei e whakamārama ana i te aha e pīroiroi ai ngā inihua ki te mahi ki a ia ina hiahia koe ki te mea kaha engari māmā. Whai whakaaro ki ngā waka tākāwa rānei, ki ngā rererangi pakanga rānei kei reka katoa te onepu engari kāore e taea te whakarupeke i te hanganga. Kāore he pātai kei te kitea e tātou te paraihe karbona ki te wā katoa. Mai i ngā wāhanga waka rererangi ki ngā wāhanga waka rongonui, kua whakaaetia e ngā kaihanga i ngā wāhi maha tēnei taputapu i runga i te mea he pai rawa tana mahi ki ō rātou hiahia.
Ko te pāpaku karapini e tōa ana i te kaha ki te māmā. Kei te kōrero mātou i te mea e toru tekau ōrau kīroa ake i te paraihe, e rite ana ki te whakaiti i te huinga kora o ngā tikanga waka katoa. Ko te mea he māmā rawa tēnei i whakarere ai i te tikanga o te hoahoa i ngā umanga katoa. Ko ngā kaihanga rererangi e aroha ana ki te, ko ngā kamupene waka e whakauru ana ki ā rātou tauira kaha, ā, ko ngā kaihanga waka rerewehe kei te whakamahi i te tau rite kia waihangai ai i ngā tātā e whai kaha ana me te tere kāore he taumaha. E kaha ana te whakakotahi i ngā āhuatanga e kore e taurite ana ki tētahi atu rauemi.
Ko te pāpaku karapini e toa ana i ēnei mea katoa nā te mea kāore i te nui ake te arai ki ngā kikorangi, ā, e toa ana hoki ki ngā panoni o te wera. Kaore hoki i te pāpaku karapini e pāhunu ana, nō reira he tino pai ki ngā wāhi e hāngai ana ki ngā tikanga. Ko ngā umanga e hiahiatia ana ngā taputapu e kore e pakaru i ngā wā e pēnei ana i te pāpaku karapini. Whakamahia ki ngā mea pērā i ngā kōhanga e whakahaere ana i ngā kikorangi ririhau, i ngā wā katoa rānei e whakahaere ana i ngā wāhi e wera ana. Mā te pāpaku karapini e hua haere ana i ngā umanga whakaputa katoa nā te āhua e herea ai i ngā mea e pakaru ai ētahi atu taputapu.
Ngā Whakamahi i roto i te Hanga Hou
Ko te pāpaku karapini te mea nui nei i ngā wā kaiwhakawhanake hauropi, e huri ana i te ara whakamahia e ngā waka hau i te kapinga ki te kapinga. Ina huri ngā kamupene ki ngā wāhanga karapini pāpaku mō ngā mea pērā i ngā paparanga tinana me ngā tōtika o ngā kauta, ka whakamāmātia te taumaha o te katoa. Ko ngā waka hau māmā te whai tikanga o te whai whakamahinga kaua ake, ā, ko te tikanga anō hoki ka heke iho i te whakaputanga o ngā kaupeka hau. He aha te mea nui ake i te karapini? Ko tana kaha ki te taumaha e āwhina ana i ngā kaiwhakawhanake waka hau kia whakauru waka hau e iti ana te taumaha engari e taea ana e te kaha o ngā mahi i runga i te rere.
Ko te pāpaku karapini te kaiwhakarewa inaianei mō te whakapai ake i te pāmahana o ngā tinana waka kia pai ake ai te mahi o ngā waka i te wā e whakauru ai i te haumaru o te huarahi. Kei te mātau ngā kaihanga waka ki ngā whakaritenga taiao uaua, nō reira kei te whai mātātoa hoki ētahi ki ngā whiringa karapini kia murua ai te taumaha me te whiwhi i te roa ake o te manawa. Mō ngā waka hiko, he rerekē te āhua o te pāpaku karapini i te taumaha murua e whakapai ai i te roa o te manawa i waenganui i ngā whakakī, ētahi mea e hiahia ana ngā kaihoko ina whai whakaaro ana ki te hoko i te tīmatanga. Anō hoki, te murunga i te whakamahinga o ngā pāpaku taumahahehe ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga whakaputa kia pāpaku ai.
Ko te pāpaku karapini te kaiwhakarewa i te ao o ngā taputapu hākinakina. Kei te aroha ngā kaihanga hākinakina ki te mahi tahi me te kaha ki te whakakaha i te kaha. Ka taea e kātou te kite i tēnei taputapu i ngā wāhi katoa mai i ngā waka tāone ki ngā rakete tēni pāpaku me ngā pāpaku hōu hou. Ka tūhono ngā kaihākinakina ki te kaha o te kaha kaore i te pāpaku i āwhina i a rātou kia kaua e pā ki te pāpaku i te wā e tū i te mara, i te tatauranga rānei. Ka taea e ngā kaihanga taputapu hōu te waihanga i ngā taputapu pai ake kaore i te tautohe i te roa o te wā, he mea nui tēnei ina haurangi tētahi ki te ruinga o ngā pōro rereke rānei ki te pōro rereke i ngā haora moutere i ngā wiki katoa.
Kua whakaputua hoki te hauora hauora i ngā rā o muri, me te kāpara karboni e hōu ana ki ngā mea katoa mai i ngā waewae whakakapi ki ngā taputapu māmō mō te māmā. He aha te take? Tērā, he pai te whakawhitinga o te kāpara karboni ki te tinana tangata kaore hoki e pakaru tere, e tika ana mō ngā taputapu kei te kaha te hiahiatia engari me iti noa te taumaha. Anō hoki, kua pakaru tēnei mea i ngā wā maha o te whakakau, ā, kāore he pāpaku, he mea nui tēnei i ngā whare hauora. Ko ngā pāti hoki e whai painga ana nā te iti ake o ngā taputapu e whakapai ai i te nekeneke me ngā taputapu e roa ana te whakamahi kāore hoki e hiahiatia ana te whakakapi, ka tino whakapai ake i te kounga o ratou oranga i te wā o te whakamātau.
Nga painga o Muka waro i roto i te Hangahanga
Ko te pāpaku karapini e whakawātea ana i te mahi whakaputa me te angitu ki te taumata e whai ake nei. Ko te mea i tūhono ai tēnei rauemi ko tana kaha whakapaku mōhio ki te māmā o tana whakapakoko. Ka taea e ngā kaihanga hanga i ngā hua e mahi pai ake ana i te wā e iti ake hoki i te wā me te moni. Whai mātauranga ki te tāone angianamu mō te tauira, kei hea pea ngā waka e māmā ake ana engari ko te kaha anō tonu. Ko te āhua anō hoki ki ngā waka inaianei, he nui ngā kaihanga waka e whakakapi i ngā metara taumaha ki ngā wāhanga karapini karapini kia pai ake ai te arataki me te iti ake te kaihoko. Ko te pai rawa? Kāore he mea i te haumaru, kāore he mea i te roa o te wā ina whakamahia he iti ake te rauemi i te katoa.
Mā te āhua o te pāpaku karuwhiti e āwhina ana i ngā kaihoahoa kia whakauru ki ngā āhua rerehua. Ka piko, ka whakapiripiri hoki tēnei taputapu ki ngā āhua maha, ki ērā anō hoki e uaua, e kore e āhua taea ki ētahi atu taputapu. Ka taea e ngā kaihanga whakaputa i ā rātou hoahoa ki te noho tūpuna, arā, ka taea e rātou te whanake i ngā taputapu e āhua pai ana, ā, e mahi pai ana. Whai mōhio ki ngā waka tāone rereke, ki ngā waka pōneke rānei – kāore i te āhua taea te āhua me te rereke o ērā kāore i te whakamahinga o te whakapāpaku karuwhiti. HUA ko ngā taputapu i hangaia ki te pāpaku karuwhiti e wehenga ana i te āhua, ā, ka āwhina i ngā kamupene kia tāwhai i te aroha, kia tū hei kaiārahi ki te ao hokohoko i ngā umanga katoa.
Ko te āhua o te whakamana ake i ngā taputapu paraihe mō ngā kohinga karaihe he mea e hāngai ana ki ēnei rā. Kei te whirinakitia e ngā kairangahau i te ao katoa te huarahi kia hāpara ai i te whanaketanga o te karaihe karaihe, me te whai mōhio hoki i te tikanga pai rawa hei whakamahi anō i ērā kua hangaia kē. He nui ngā whanaketanga pēnei i ēnei, ina hoki kei te hiahia ngā kaihanga i te ao katoa kia iti ake te pānga ki te taiao. Ka tīmata te kōrero mō te whakamahi anō, he kōrero whakapāhunu te āhua o ngā tau. Ina whakamahia anō e ngā kamupene ngā hua karaihe tawhito kaua ko te hanga i ērā hou i te tīmatanga, ka whakaorangia rātou i te 40% o ngā utu whanaketanga. He tika tēnei kaupapa ki te tirohanga o te ōhanga, me te taiao anō hoki, ā, ko te āhua nei he nui ngā kamupene e tīmata ana ki te tiro whai mātau ki ngā tāpiritanga whakamahi anō mō te paraihe karaihe.
Ngā Āhuatanga me ngā Raruraru
Ko te uaua ki te hanga i te āhua o te karbon huri noa i ngā tini umanga, ā, he nui ngā uaua ki te hunga whakangao i ngā umanga katoa. Ko te hanga i tēnei rāwekanga he nui ngā huringa pērā i te whiria i ngā aho, te whakamahi i ngā rāwekenga hau, me te whakatakotoria i ngā paparanga, katoa ēnei e pāngia ai te utu mutunga me te kaihoko i ngā tāpoi. Ina whakauru ngā kamupene i te karbon āhua ki ō rātou hua, ko ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga ka kite i ngā utu e whai māmā ana i ēnei tukanga whakangao, e whai ana i te uaua ki te tautohe i ngā tāpoi e māmā ana ki te utu. Kei te whai ākene ētahi kamupene ki te whakaiti i ēnei utu. Ko ngā tikanga hōu, pērā i te whakamatautau ake i ngā tikanga, kei te whakaatu i te āwhina, ā, kei te haere tonu ngā rangahau ki te kimi i ngā tikanga e utu ake, e pai ake ana. E āki ana ēnei whakapapa ki te utu i ngā utu kia āwhina ai i ngā kamupene kia āhua ake te utu i te karbon āhua kāore ai i te pā ki te kōrero.
Ko ngā rapanga e pā ana ki te whakarewa anō hoki me te whakawhanake tūmatanui i ngā wā katoa e whakapōki ai i te whakamahinga o te paraihe karaihe i roto i ngā umanga katoa. Ko ngā paraihe, me ngā rauemi hōu e kore nei e whai ngā uara e tāroa ana me ngā paraihe karaihe nō te mea he whakapiringa hauāwhi teka tēnei e kaha ana ki te kaha i ngā rauemi matua. Kei te whakauru ngā kairangahau ki ngā ara pai ake hei whakarewa i te paraihe karaihe, e tūhono ana ki te whai huarahi kia kore ai te whakapōki i te taiao. Mā te whakarewa i te paraihe karaihe e āwhina i te whakatutuki i ngā rapanga taiao nui, ā, e āhua iti ai hoki ngā utu hāngai ki te whakamahi anō i ngā rauemi. He tino whai hua tēnei mō ngā pakihi e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā tāpu e roa ana, ā, e āhua tika ana ki te whakaaro o te whakawhanaketanga o te ao hou, arā, ko te parurenga he rauemi anō hoki.
Kei te āraitia hoki ngā tuinga o te paraihe karboni e ētahi whakapaketanga hangarau tūmatanui, engari ina tāroa ana ki te āhua pai o te taea e kē atu ana i ngā take motuhake. Kei te mōhio tātou kua rite te kaha ki te taumaha o te paraihe karboni, engari kei te taha kē tētahi take. E āhua māmā ana ētahi momo ina patua kaha, i te mutunga ka pakaru. Nō reira i āwhina ngā kairangahau i a rātou anō i te whakamātau i ngā ara hei whakapai ake i ēnei tuinga kia pai ake ai te whakamahinga ki ngā tāone rerekē mai i te ātea ki te hāpai i ngā waka. Kei te whakamātau ngā kaihangarau i ngā tikanga whakakaha, tātari hoki i ngā paraihe hōu ka taea pea te whakatutuki i ēnei raruraru. Ko te whāinga? Ko te nuinga o te paraihe karboni e mahi ana i ngā tikanga tino uaua i reira ka pakaru ngā tuinga tūturu.
Ngā Aronga a Muri Nei i roto i Muka waro Te hanga
Kei te tuanui te whanaketanga o te fibre karuhi i te tapa o ngā whakarereke nui mai i ngā huringa hou pērā i te tuhi 3D me ngā punaha ake tonu e whakauru mai ana. Ko ngā whaihua o ēnei whakarereke ko te whaihua pai ake me te iti ake ngā utu mō ngā rāwekenga whanaketanga. Kei te kitea e ngā kaiwhakanao kātou rātou e āhua taea ana te whanake i ngā tauira tere ake i te wā e hanga ana i ngā wāhanga uaua i raro i te kore e whakakaha rawa te rauemi. Ko te maakete mō te fibre karuhi ka pakaru hoki te tipu. Kei te piki haere tonu te hiahia i roto i ngā kaupapa rereke mai i te mea kei te hiahia ngā kamupene ki ngā rauemi māmā ana i te kaha ki te tū ki te pēhi. Kei te hiahia ngā kamupene rererangi ki ngā wāhanga kaha ake engari māmā ake mō ngā rererangi, kei te inati ngā kaihanga waka ki te whakaiti i te taumaha, ā, kei te hiahia ngā kaiwhakanao pūhuruhuru hau ki ngā rere i te kaha ki te roa. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaiwhaiwhai i te umanga e whakapono nei ka haere tere ake tēnei aronga i te dekada e whai ake nei i te wā e whanake tonu ana te hangarau me te mōhio rauemi e ringa kia ringa.
Kei te āraitia te umanga i ngā take whakamana nui i tēnei wā, nō reira kei te whirinakitia e ngā kairangahau ngā ara hou hei whakapai ake i te whakamahi anō i ngā rauemi. Kei te whanake i ētahi hangarau whakamahi anō tino kaha mō ngā tāpiritanga karaihe karaihe. Kaua ko te paku i te paku noa i te parurenga engari ka tūhono hoki ki te hiahia e tipu haere nei i roto i ngā tāone katoa mō ngā tikanga whakaputa kāriroa ake. Ki te āianei, e āwhina ana i ngā whakapaparitanga ka rerekētia ai te tikanga o te whakaputa i te karaihe karaihe. He maha ngā kamupene e hiahia ana kia paku ake i te kano o rātou ki te taiao kaua ko te kounga anō hoki, ā, ko ngā whakapaparitanga pea e āwhina ai i rātou kia eke tahi i ērā atu i te wā kotahi.
FAQ
He aha te mea i tino kaha ai te muka waro?
Ko te kaha o te muka waro no te nui o te waro me te hanganga ngota o ona ngota waro, e hanga ana i te mea kaha, ngawari, ina honoa ki te raima polymer.
He pai te taiao o te muka waro?
Ko te hanga muka waro i tēnei wā he wero taiao, engari ko ngā ahu whakamua i roto i te tukatuka me ngā tikanga hanga taiao e āwhina ana kia noho tonu.
Me pēhea te whakamahi i te muka waro i roto i te ahumahi waka?
I roto i te ahumahi waka, ka whakamahia te muka waro hei hanga i ngā wāhanga tinana me ngā wāhanga māmā, hei whakapai ake i te mahi waka, te pūngao, me te haumaru.
He aha ngā wero e pā ana ki te tukurua o te muka waro?
He wero te whakahohe i te muka waro nā te matatini raima e herea ana i ngā muka, nā reira he wāhi rangahau nui ngā tikanga whakahohenga whai hua hei whakapai ake i te taiao.
He aha ngā āhuatanga ka puta ake i roto i te ahumahi muka waro?
Ko te heke mai o te hanga muka waro ka uru pea ki nga ahunga whakamua i roto i te tā 3D me te whakahoahoa, e arahi ana ki nga tukanga whakaputa pai ake, utu-whai hua me te piki ake o te tono maakete.
