He aha ngā rerekētanga kei waenganui i te rākau karboni me te rākau hiko tōraro?

Ina whiriwhiria ana ngā matapara whakakeke mō ngā tono takotoranga, e noho pū ana ngā inihini me ngā kaihanga i te whakataunga i waenganui i te kakahu paraihe karbon me te karaihe. E rua ēnei matapara hei matapihi whakakeke matua i ngā umanga rereke, heoi anō, he aha atu ngā āhuatanga e hāngai ana ki tētahi tono pea. He mea nui te mōhio ki ēnei rerekētanga kia taea ai te whakatau mōhio i ngā kaupapa arotakataka, motokā, moana, me ngā kaupapa hangarau. Ko te kakahu paraihe karbon e tuku mai ana i te ōtinga kaha-kīato pai ake me ngā īngoonga kikii, ko te karaihe e tuku ana i ngā raihana utu-whakaheke me ngā painga mekanik pai mō ētahi tini tono.

Te Hanganatanga o te Matapara me ngā Tikanga Whanaketanga

Te Hanganga o te Kakahu Paraihe Karbon

Ko te rēwanga huruhuru karboni he mea nui ake i ngā huruhuru karboni pēnei i te mano e whiri ana tahi hei wāhi ahua. Ko ēnei huruhuru ka hāngai mā tētahi tikanga piritia hohonu, arā ko ngā puna takotoranga, engari ko te polyacrylonitrile (PAN) i runga i te pitch, ka hāngai ai i raro i te whakahaerenga i tētahi taiao kāore he hau. Ko ngā huruhuru karboni e hua mai ana e pirangi ana anō he iti ake i te 90% o te ihirangi karboni, e tuku ana i ngā āhuatanga pūkaka me te uaua. Ka rerekē ngā tauwhitinga whiri mo te rēwanga huruhuru karboni mai i te whiri noa ki te twill, ki ngā tautautaunui, e tuku ana ia kia rerekē ngā tikanga whakamahinga me ngā āhua mata.

Ko te prosesa whakangao mō te rāpoi hiko karihi e here ana ki te whakahaere tika i te wera me ngā taputapu motuhake, ā, ko te tikanga ka nui ake te utu i te ingoa o ētahi atu matērahi whakapakari. Ko ngā whare whakapaku anuanu hou e whakamahi ana i ngā mīhini tuhituhi aunoa e taea ai te waihanga i ngā taimana rāpoi tūpono mai i te 160gsm ki runga ake i te 600gsm. Ko ngā arataki whakahaere kounga hei tiaki i te wehenga ūrite o ngā karihi me te tono tika i te rahinga, e pa ana ki te whaiwhai o te rāpoi ki ngā pūnaha paraihe rerekē. Ko te kākahu kōkōwai e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga marino pai me te āhua e taea ai te whakauru ki ngā mata kurupae heruheru.

Whakapaku Fiberglass

Ko te āhuā o te rākau karakara, i mōhiotia hoki hei āhuā karakara, ka hangaia mai i ngā kiri karakara hua mai i te karakara tanu i ngā wāhi tino makariri. Ko te hunga karakara e whai ana ko te silica, alumina, calcium oxide, me ētahi atu taonga e hāngai ai ngā īnitahi. Ka kohia ēnei kiri karakara ki ngā aho, ka tapatoru ai ki ngā ahunga rereke e whai ana i ngā taputapu kakahu tikanga. Ko te tikanga hanganga mō te rākau karakara he tino pumau ake i te hanganga karakara, ā, he iti ake te hiahia ki te nergi, ka hua ai te itinga o te matotoru.

Ko ngā rerekenga rereke o te rākau karpete hiriwai kei te hangaia mā te whakarereketanga i te karapoti kārui me te tōpene o te aho. Ko te E-glass tonu te momo e huainga ana mō ngā whakamahinga noa, ā, ko te S-glass ka tuku i ngā īnanga kaha ake mō ngā whakamahinga uaua. Ka taea e te prosihia herehere te whakauru i ngā tauira hāngai me ngā tā, ā, ko ngā tā rākau e huainga ana i te 170gsm ki te 800gsm. Mā ngā rongoā mata me ngā tono rahi e tiakina ai te huaki pai ki te paraihe me ngā īnanga panoni i ngā wā o ngā tikanga hanga takotoranga.

Ngā Pānga Pūkaha me ngā Tīmatatanga Whai Wāhi

Te Whakataerenga i te Kaha me te Pū

Whakaatu te rākau mātātoko karbona i te kaha tōrite me te mōhini o te whakamarino tērā i ngā kōpae hāngai. Ko te rākau mātātoko karbona arataki e hua ana i ngā kaha tōrite e piki ake i te 3500 MPa me ngā uara mōhini e piki ake i te 230 GPa, ā, ko te tikanga o te mātātoko me te hanganga tuarangi e noho ana. Ko te ōtinga kaha-ki-te-taumaha tino pai nei e pai ai te rākau mātātoko karbona mō ngā whakamahinga ātea, ngā wae waka tino kaha, me ngā taonga hākinakina e matua herea ana te taumaha. Ko te pūkaha o te matātoko nui ka aukati i te pakaru i raro i te tāpoi, ka pupuri tonu te ahumahi o te hanganga i ngā whakamahinga uaua.

Ahakoa kāore te rāpoi karpete i te ū ana ki ngā uara kaha pū tino o te karboni, e whai ana i ngā īngoa mekameka pai mō ētahi atu whakamōhini. Ko ngā rāpoi E-glass e noho ana i te kaha taraiwa e 2000-2500 MPa, me ngā uara mōhio e 70-80 GPa. Ko te mōhio iti ake e hua ai he rāpoi māmāranga e taea ai te whangai i te kaha pānga. Mō ngā whakamōhini e hiahiatia ana he kaha pai i ngā taumata utu tautohe, ko te rāpoi karpete e tuku ana i te āhua pai o te mahi me te utu.

Te Manawaroa Matekiko me te Tautohe

E whakaatu ana sia te rāpoi huruhuru karbon me te rāpoi huruhuru hiriwai i te mōhio ki te pānga kaha ki te pānga, ina tika te mahi atu ki ngā hanganga takotoranga. Ka mau tonu te pūkenga mekanik o te rāpoi huruhuru karbon i roto i ngā nuinga o ngā waea uta, nā reira e tino pai ana mō ngā whakamahinga e pā ana ki te pānga whakamātau. Ko te mōhio o te matērihi ki te rere me te whakamaurutanga o te pānga e tiaki ana i te pūmahara roa-roa i ngā whakamahinga hanganga. Heoi anō, e taea ana e ngā takotoranga huruhuru karbon te whakaatu i ngā aronga pakaru ki raro i ngā pānga tino kaha.

Ko te rākau karpeti e tuku ana i te mahi pai ki te pouritenga me te painga atu o te haere whai mōhio ake. Ko te āhua o te matēria hoki i te wehe iho i ngā pikinga kiko e aki ai i te mate kino i ētahi wāhi. Ka rerekē te marino o te taiao i waenganui i ēnei koiri e rua, e whakaatu ana te rākau karpi karbona i te aukati pai ki te nuinga o ngā taiao kimikime, ā, ko te rākau karpeti pea ka pakaru ana i ngā tikanga parurenga roa.

Tātari Utu me ngā Whakaaro Ōhaetata

Ngā utu Mātāpuna

Ko te rerekētanga utu i waenganui i te rāpoi mātātoko karboni me te rāpoi ītara hāngai tētahi o ngā take nui rawa atu i ngā whakataunga mō te whiriwhiri i ngā matapae. Ko te utu mō te rāpoi mātātoko karboni e 10 ki te 20 ngā wā ake i te rāpoi ītara hāngai e hāngai ana, nā ngā tikanga hangarua pīroiroi me ngā tikanga whanaketanga hoki kaha anuanu hiahiatia. Ka pa tēnei rerekētanga utu, e kore anō pea i te hokohoko matapae, engari anō hoki i te whakahaere taonga me ngā whakaaro whakarite tahumaero. Ahakoa, ko ngā āhuatanga mahi pai ake o te rāpoi mātātoko karboni he take e tika ai te utu nui ake i ngā whakamahinga e huri ana te māmātanga ki te whai huakita pai ake, ki te mahi pai ake rānei.

Ko te rāpoi karakia kei te kōwhiringa eke moni mō ngā tono whakaputa kaha-kaha i taea ai te mahi i ngā here heretangata ki ngā utu iti ake. Ko te hokohoko tuku me ngā tikanga hangarua pakeke e āwhina ana i te utu pūmahara me te wātea tūmatanui. Mō ngā tono i roto i te hanganga, taiapa, me ngā takiwā tāone whānui, e tuku ana te rāpoi karakia i te mahi pai ki ngā utu e tautoko ana i te uara kaihoko.

Ngā Tuhinga o te Whakaritenga me te Whakawhanaketanga

E hiahiatia ana ngā tikanga whakahaere motuhake me ngā taputapu mō ngā utu tukunga mō ngā parakirini rāpoi karakia kihini nā te uara ake o te matēria me ngā here motuhake mō te tukunga. Ka hiahiatia pea ngā taiao rūma ma mō ngā tono rererangi, ā, ka nuinga te whakahaere pāmahana tika i te wā o ngā tikanga whakaputa. Kātahi ka piki ake ēnei here atu engari ka tiakina te mahi tino pai mai i te whakakaha rāpoi karakia kihini.

Ko te whakaritenga o te rākau harakeke e pai ana ki ngā tikanga hanga kua whakaturia pū me ngā taputapu anga tūmatanui. Ko te āhuatanga māmā o te matēria i te wā o te whakamahinga me te whakaritenga e heke i ngā here hokohoko me te whakaiti i te whai hua. Ko ngā tikanga pātata rāwekenga miripoi, tāwhai arataki, me ngā tikanga poukai hau parurenga e mahi tika ana me te rākau harakeke, ka tutuki ai te utu whakaritenga mō te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga.

Te Whakamahinga -Ngā Tautohe Paerewa Whaimiharo

Ngā Mahi-a-Rangi me ngā Whakamahinga Rangimārie

Ko te rākau karboni te kaiārahi i ngā whakamātautau ātea, kei reira ka pā atu te māmā o te taumaha ki te uara tūhono me te mōhio ki te taumaha e taea ana. Ka whakamahi ngā kaihanga rererangi i ētahi wāhanga rerekē o te rākau karboni mō ngā wāhanga takotoranga matua, ngā paparanga whakahaere, me ngā paparanga o roto. Ko te take hoki o te rākau karboni nui ake i tana taumaha e āwhina ana i te hanga i ētahi tapa pakari kia ū ki ngā here whakaaetanga marino engari kia māmā ai te taumaha o te rererangi. Ānini noa ngā tauira whatu me ngā hanganga paraire e āwhina ana i ngā mātinitini kia whanake i ngā īnanga rerekē me ngā tikanga ratonga.

Ko ngā whakamātau motuka tūhono haere me te rahi e mōhiotia ana ki te rāpoi karbona mō ngā papa tinana, ngā wāhanga o te turanga, me ngā hanganga o roto. He nui ake te painga ki ngā whakamātau hīkoi i te āhua o te matērihi kia hoatu te kaha me te pūmotomoto rahi rawa atu, engari kia iti noa te taumaha. Kei te haere tonu te ahumahi motuka ki te whanaketanga i ngā tikanga hangahanga e taea ai te utu mō te rāpoi karbona kia tino wātea ake mō te hanganga matua o ngā motuka, ā, ina hea ngā whakamātau motuka hiko kei reira te iti ikauna ka toro ake te roa o te taraiwa.

Ngā Whakamātau Moana me te Ahumahi

Ko ngā whakamōhio wai tai e āki ai ngā waonga motuhake i reira e kitea ai ngā tākarotanga mō te rāpoi karboni me te rāpoi hiriwai. Ko ngā parawhe kaukau tikangia me ngā pahi tūtohu e whakamahi ana i te rāpoi karboni mō ngā pou, ngā tinana, me ngā hanganga takotoranga, i reira ka pai ake te mahi me te whakahaerenga ki te itinga o te taumaha. Ko te here o te rāpoi ki te korero o te wai maori e pai ana kia whakamahia ki ngā taiao wai tai uaua. Engari, ko te utu iti ake e heke ai te whakamahi i te rāpoi karboni ki ngā pahi matatau me ngā whakamātau tūtohu.

Kei te noho tonu te rāpoi hiriwai hei kōwhiringa matua mō te nuinga o ngā whakamōhiotanga wai tai, tae atu ki ngā pahi pōturi, ngā pahi toa, me ngā hanganga takawe. Ko te pūmau o te matēraerae i ngā taiao wai tai, i te tautoko me ngā tikanga utu e mōhiotia ana, e pai ana kia whakamahia whānuitia. Ko ngā whakamōhio pakihi pērā i ngā taputapu tukutuku matā, ngā pōtae inoi, me ngā paparanga aratika e whakamahi ana i te rāpoi hiriwai i tōna pā ki ngā matā me tōna utu-āhua.

Ngā Tikanga Whakarerekē me ngā Whakaaro Whanaketanga

Te Ū Āhua o te Paraihe me ngā Hiahia Whakaputa

E whakaatu ana te rāpoi paraihe hiko (carbon fiber cloth) i te ū āhua pai ki ngā pūnaha paraihe rereke, tae atu ki te epoxy, te vinyl ester, me ngā huinga motuhake mō ngā wāhi hihiri kikokiko. Kei te tata te koiora o te nekeneke kikokiko o te matēria ki te nuinga o ngā pūnaha paraihe, ka itinga ai ngā tokiroa o roto i te wā o te whakaputa. Ka rerekē pea ngā wāhi whakarerekē mō ngā karapa rāpoi paraihe hiko mai i ngā pūnaha whakaputa i te wāhi noho ki ngā tikanga hihiri ake i te 180°C, e hāngai ana ki ngā hiahia tono me te panonitanga o te paraihe.

Ko te rāpoi karaihe e mahi tūhono ana ki te whānuitanga o ngā pūnaha hāpaiti, tae atu ki ngā hāpure polyester, vinyl ester, me ngā mīhini epoxy. Ko ngā āhuatanga puipui o te matēria he wehe ake i te rāpoi karaihe karbon, nō reira me whai whakaaro nui ki te kōwhiringa hāpaiti kia iti ake ngā parireri puipui. Ko ngā wā heatopa arataki e noho ana i raro i te 120°C mō te nuinga o ngā whakamahinga karaihe, nō reira e uru pai ana te matēria ki ngā taputapu umukai me ngā tikanga arataki a te ahumahi.

Ngā Tautohe Mō Te Whakamahi Me Te Roitanga

Me nui te whakaaro i te whakamahi i te rāpoi karaihe karbon kia kaua ai e marere te hanganga mātātoko o te karaihe me te pupuri i ngā āhuatanga rārai o te rāpoi. Me whakarite kia tiakina te matēria i ngā pānga o te waimā, te pānga o te ao mārama (UV), me ngā mamae mōhio. Ko te uara nui ake o te rāpoi karaihe karbon ka herea te whakahaere pakihi tika me ngā tikanga whakaiti i te turuturu. Ka hiahiatia pea ngā taputapu tohi motuhake me ngā tikanga whakamahi kia kaua ai e parurewa ngā karaihe me te whakarite i ngā tapa maama.

Ko te whakamahinga o te rāpoi karboon e here ana ki te nui o te hiko e hiahiatia ana i te wā o te hanganga o te aho, ka aru tēnei ki tētahi toharawa hiko nui ake nei i te hanganga rāpoi karaihe. Heoi anō, ko ngā whiunga kaha i ngā whakamahinga e whakamahia ana ai te rāpoi karboon e āki ai te take takotoranga o te pānga ki te taiao mā te whai hua ake i te uara o te koroheke ki ngā whakamahinga horoi. Me mātai ngā whakaaturanga oranga mō te hunga e rua, arataki hoki i te pānga ki te taiao me ngā painga whakahaere.

Pānga ki te Taiao me te Whakamaua

Te Pātake Taiao o te Whanaketanga

Ko te whanaketanga o te rāpoi karboon e here ana ki te nui o te hiko e hiahiatia ana i te wā o te hanganga o te aho, ka aru tēnei ki tētahi toharawa hiko nui ake nei i te hanganga rāpoi karaihe. Heoi anō, ko ngā whiunga kaha i ngā whakamahinga e whakamahia ana ai te rāpoi karboon e āki ai te take takotoranga o te pānga ki te taiao mā te whai hua ake i te uara o te koroheke ki ngā whakamahinga horoi. Me mātai ngā whakaaturanga oranga mō te hunga e rua, arataki hoki i te pānga ki te taiao me ngā painga whakahaere.

Ko te whanaketanga o te rāpoi harakeke tarau e whai mōhio ki ngā rawa matua e wātea ana me ngā tikanga whanaketanga pūmahara e iti ake ana te herekenga mātā. Ko te roa ake o te ora o te matū me tana āhua hoki he take nui kia arataki ai ki ngā tikanga whanaketanga e tika ana. Heoi anō, me mātua whakaaro ngā whakahaerenga i te mutunga o te wā, ina koa ki te pūmau o te matū me te itinga o te mōmona o ia taiao.

Whakahaerenga i te Mutunga o te Wā

He wāinga ngā whakahaere hou i ngā karapoti o te rāpoi paraihe karbona nā te hononga kaha kei waenganui i ngā aho me ngā matū pou. E whai wāhi ana ngā hangarau hou mō te whakamahi anō i te paraihe karbona, pērā i te pyrolysis me ngā tikanga kimikara, hei rongoā mō te toronga anō i ngā aho karbona uaua mai i ngā karapoti i te mutunga o te wā. Ko te uara teitei o te rāpoi paraihe karbona e whai oranga ana i te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga whakamahi anō e tika ana.

Ko ngā parairetanga o te rēwai hiri e āhua rite ana ki ngā wero whakauru anoo, ahakoa ko te uara iti ake o te matapae e heke iho ai ngā āheinga ōhanga mō ngā tikanga whakauru anoo. Ko ngā tikanga whakakore atu, tae atu ki ngā whakamahinga hiko-kaha, e tuku ana i ngā kōwhiringa mō te whakahaere i te parae o te paraireta hiri. Kei te haere tonu te rangahau ki ngā tikanga whakauru anoo mekameka e taea ai te whakahoki i ngā aho rēwai mō ngā whakamahinga tuarua.

FAQ

He aha te rerekētanga matua i te kaha o waenganui i te rēwai hiri karbon me te rēwai hiri?

Ko te rēwai hiri karbon e whakaatu ana i ngā kaha taraiwa e pānuitia ana i runga ake i te 3500 MPa mā te 2000-2500 MPa o te rēwai hiri. Ko te mōhini o te whakangāhau mō te rēwai hiri karbon e pānuitia ana i runga ake i te 230 GPa, kei te 70-80 GPa te tauwā o te rēwai hiri. Ko te tikanga, ko te rēwai hiri karbon e 40-50% kaha ake me te toru nekehinekhe ngāwari ake i te rēwai hiri.

He aha te take ka nui ake te utu o te rēwai hiri karbon i te rēwai hiri?

Ko te utu nui ake o te rākau mātātoko karboni he whakapae mai i ngā tikanga hangarua e here ana i te hiko, ngā matērihi takotoranga motuhake, me ngā here herekore kounga herenga. E hiahiatia ana te whakahaere tika i te wera me ngā taiao kore-hau, e piki ake ai te utu hangarua. Ko te utu mō te rākau mātātoko karboni e 10 ki te 20 ngā wā te nuinga ake i ngā rākau rīwai noa i raro i ēnei herekore hangarua.

He aha te matērihi pai ake mō ngā whakamahinga moana?

He whakaritenga i ngā herekore whakamahinga me ngā whakaarotanga tahumaero. Kei te mātara te rākau mātātoko karboni i ngā waka tāwhiri tūmatanui me ngā waka parāoa rangatira i reductia te taumaha ai i te mahi me te uara umanga. Ko te rākau rīwai kei te kōwhiringa nui ake mō ngā waka paraire, ngā kaipuke tāpoi, me te nuinga o ngā hanganga moana nā tōna roa o te ora, tōna utu e taea ai, me ngā tikanga whakapai e mōhiotia ana ki ngā taiao tai.

Ka taea te whakamahi i te rāpoi karboni me te rāpoi hiriwai anuanu ki te toronga kotahi?

Āe, ko ngā composite paraire e whawhai ana i te rāpoi karboni me te rāpoi hiriwai he mea noa mō ngā whakamātautau e hiahiatia ana kia pai ake te mahi me te ōrite o te utu. Ka taea te takotoranga takitahi i ngā wāhi e nui ana te pēhanga ka whakamahia ai te rāpoi hiriwai anuanu ki ngā wāhi iti ake te nuinga. Heoi anō, me tino whai whakaaro ki ngā rerekētanga o te nekeneke wera me te ūinga ki te tikanga hei angitu i te hanganga paraire.