Te Mahi Nui a ngā Raukura Karboni me ngā Kākahu i roto i te Whakamahi Pūmau

Te Uuanga Nui a te Mahere Whakamahere i te Moderni

Nga Ata Tangata e Whakahaere i te Whakaae

Kua tīmata te whanake a Carbon fiber i roto i ngā kaihanga i runga i tana kaha ki te tāpōpō. Whakaritea te hinu ki te carbon fiber hei tauira - ka taea e te carbon fiber te whakaeke i te nuinga o te kaha kāore he pōpō, ā he mea nui tēnei ki ngā kaihanga ina hiahia ana rātou ki te kaha me te māmā o ā rātou hua. Ko te tarau e tautohe hoki ana ki te pēhi pono, ā ka roa haere kāore he pakaru, e āki ai ngā kaihoahoa ki te whakamātau i ngā āhua me ngā āhuatanga e kore hoki e taea e ngā tarau tūturu. Anō hoki, kāore he uaua te parai a carbon fiber ahakoa te wera nui, kāore hoki e pāpaku, e rereke rānei te wā e pā ake ana. Ko te mea tēnei e tino tika ana mō ngā wāhanga o ngā rererangi i ngā wā he pono te whakamahinga. Mai i ngā anga rererangi ki ngā wāhanga motuhake mō ngā waka, kei te kitea e ngā kamupene i ngā tāone katoa ngā ara hou ki te whakauru i te carbon fiber ki ā rātou rārangi whanake berl inaianei i ēnei āhuatanga whakamā.

Nga mahi whai wāhi mō ngā whenua

Ko te pāpaku karapini he mea whai hua, ka taea hoki e tētahi tauwehe rautaki pakihi te whakamahi i te tau. Hei tauira, ko ngā waka. Ina tāpirihia e ngā kaihanga ngā wāhanga karapini ki ā rātou waka, ka pai ake te mahi ake i te ara me te whakapai ake i te tere o te hinu. Kei te rapu kē ngā tāngata i ngā huarahi kākāriki ake ēnei rā. Ko te ao rererangi hoki he nui te aroha ki te karapini i tana kaha ki te māmā. Ko ngā rererangi māmā ka whai hua mai i te whakamahi iti ake i te kora, me te iti ake hoki i ngā kohinga hāpōturi e tū ana ki te noho. Kāore i wāia ngā kaihanga taputapu hākinakina. Kei te hangaia e rātou ngā mea katoa mai i ngā anga pōnaha waka maroke ki ngā pākī tāone. E whakaatu ana katoa ēnei whakamahinga i te āhua whai hua o te karapini ina hiahia ngā kamupene ki te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga tūmatanui, engari kāore i te tuku i te kounga, i te mahi rānei.

Te Iti me ngā Painga o te Whakamahana Pūnengutu

Ko te māmā o te paraihe karuhi e whakaputangia ai ngā whakakaha pūngao tūturu, ā, he tino painga tēnei mō te waka kaihono i ngā waka kia māmā ake ai te huringa o ngā rawa. I whakaatu ngā whiriwhiri kei te whakakapi i ngā taputapu tūturu ki te paraihe karuhi ka taea te whakaiti i te taumaha o te waka ki te haurua, arā, he tino iti ake ngā whakaputanga o te CO2 i ngā rautaki waka. Ko ngā taputapu māmā ake hoki te roa ake o te whakamahinga, ka iti ake ngā utu whakakapi me te pūtea e whai mō te katoa i te wā roa. Kei te tīmata kē ētahi kaihanga ki te kite i tēnei kaupapa hei tētahi aronga pakihi whai hua kaua ko te aronga anake ki te taiao. Kua tīmata te tino aronga ki te whakauru i te paraihe karuhi ki te tāone waka, ā, kei te haere tonu hoki ngā kamupene waka rererangi ki te whakapai ake i ngā whakamahinga hōu. Ki te heke haere ngā utu o ngā taputapu, ka tūhono pea te whānuitanga o te whakamahi ki ngā kamupene katoa e hiahia ana ki te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere me te āhua taiao.

Ngā Whakamomori Taiao i roto i te Hanga Kākano Karbona

Ngā Mahi Hanga e Tino Monohiaki i te Ēnei

Kei te hiahiatia e te whanaketanga i te pāpaku karaihe te nui ake o te hiko, kei te tata ki te 20 ki te 30% te nui ake i ētahi atu tikanga whanaketanga pāpaku, e āta whakaatu ana i ngā ripoata hou. Kei te hua atu tēnei whakamahinga hiko ki ngā raru ake i te taiao i te mea e whakaputangia ai te nui o ngā kaupeka kiriata. Ka tū, kāore he whakapae i te pāpaku karaihe he pāpaku māmā, he pāpaku whakapai hoki, engari kei te nui te utu ki te hanga. Kei te nuinga o te hiko e hiahia ana ki te takotoranga karaihe, ina hāngai ai rātou i ngā pāpaku ki ngā wāhi pāpaku kāore he hau. Kei te whakamātau ngā kamupene ki ētahi tikanga hou, pērā i te whakamahi i ngā pātītī hau parakore, me ngā tikanga pai ake hei whakauru i ngā rēpua ki roto i te matāpuna. E āia ana ēnei whai hua hou kia pai ake te mahi i te tikanga whanaketanga katoa, me te iti iho i te nuinga o ngā kaupeka karaihe e whakaputangia ana, me te mea e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaiwhanake kia taea ai te tū noa ki ngā kaupapa hōu o te ao i ēnei rā.

Te noho tūpato i runga i ngā mātauranga kiko Petoroleumi

Ko te whanaketanga o te paraihe karboni he nui te whakamahi i ngā tāpae hua mai i te hinu, e hāngai ai ki ngā raru nui mō te whaihua. Ko te nuinga o te paraihe karboni ka tīmata ki te polyacrylonitrile, te pan rānei hei poto, ā, no te mea ko tēnei e hua mai ana i ngā kora hinu, ka tino whara i te taiao me te tāone kaha i ā mātou rauwehenga. I runga i ēnei take, kua timata ngā kairangahau ki te tirotiro i ngā tapae kōwhiri e hangaia ana i ngā rākau pērā i te lignin. Ko ēnei kōwhiringa e hua ana pea i te ara pai ake mō te hanga i te paraihe karboni kaua ko te nuinga o ngā karauna taiao. Ko te neke atu i ngā tapae e hāngai ana ki te hinu ki ēnei kōwhiringa koiora ka heke i te whara taiao, i te wā kotahi ka whakamāmā i te whirinakitanga ki ngā rauwehenga kāore e whai hua ana. Mō ngā kamupene e whanake ana i te paraihe karboni, te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga hōu he tauwhātanga takitahi hei whanake i tētahi ahumoni e whai whakaaro ana ki te tiaki i te whenua kaua ko te nuinga anake i te whai moni.

Te Whakato o ngā Waiwai me ngā Take Whakamutunga

Ko te whanaketanga o te paraihe karboni e hanga nui ana i te māmātanga i te wā o te whanaketanga, ā, e āwhina ana i ngā ripoata o te umanga e 30% o te katoa o ngā rawa kua mutu hei rāwekanga. Ko tēnei momo māmātanga ka huri hei pānga nui ki te taiao nō te mea he nui rawa te take ki te ara e kawe ai ngā kamupene i te māmātanga. Ina kātia te rāweka, ina tāpahia ki ngā wāhi tāpahanga, he nui te mōrearea ki te kounga o te oneone, ki ngā puna wai hoki. Ko te whakatutuki i tēnei raru he pai noa iho, engari he mea nui kia tū tonu ai te whanaketanga e tika ana i ngā āpōpō. I te mutunga, ko ngā tikanga tāturu e hāunga ai te māmātanga ka hāunga ai te mōrearea nui ki te taiao. Me whai ngā huarahi pai ake te umanga kia iti ake ai te rāwekanga, kia kitea ai ngā rautaki whaihua hei whakarewa anō. Ko te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga whakarewa kua reoia, kia kitea ai ngā whakamahinga hou mō ngā rawa kua toe mai ka rerekētia te pānga ki te taiao i te wā o te whanaketanga o ngā hua karboni. Ka āwhina i ēnei huringa kia hau te whanaketanga tāpoi ai.

Ngā Whakamātau Kōwhiringa Kei te Hangatia i te Mīhini Kāponga Pai Rawatanga

Ngā Pureonga Tirohanga me ngā Pūtake Lignin

Kei te toa te haere ki ngā tāpapa e pā ana ki te ao hauropi hei huarahi whakapai ake i te whanaketanga o te āhua hiko. Ka tīmata tētahi tauira ki te lignin, kei te wāhi e puta mai ana i ngā whakapakoko o ngā toihau pepa, ā, kei te āki ai ngā tāngata i tēnei wāhi e āhua rite ana ki te kōwhiringa ki ngā mea kua whakamahia mai i ngā tāngai hinu. I whakaatu tētahi rangahau mai i MIT i te tau ki muri ka taea e te lignin, ina whakaritea tika, te whakaputa i ngā āhua hiko e kaha ana pērā i ngā āhua hiko hōu e hāngai ana ki ngā petakemikara. Ka iti ake te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga e pā ana ki ngā rakau ka iti ake hoki te here ki ngā paraihe whenua, ā, ka iti hoki ngā whakaputanga e puta mai ana i te rautaki whanaketanga anō hoki. Kāore i te āhua pai anake te huri ki te lignin mō te taiao, kei te whakamātau hoki ētahi kamupene i ngā kaupapa tuatahi nā te mōhio kei te taea e tēnei te penapena moni mō rātou ki te roa hoki.

Ngā Tuhinga Whakarawea Pūmau I te Watea

Kei te māmātia te tino panoni ki te tāone whakaputa karboni kararehe i ngā aronga hou e whai rawa ake i ngā rauemi i te tauā. Ko ngā tikanga pērā i te whakamātautau i ngā papanga rārangi ake i te mātauranga me te whakaputa kararehe karboni kua heke i te hiahia hauora i te wā kotahi me te whakapakari ake i ngā tere putanga. Heoi anō te mea kei te pīrangi nei ko ngā whakapai ake ki te rawa whakapiri i te pāpaku e iti ake ana i te rahi o te wera e hiahiatia ana i ngā wā kua tata ki te whakapai i ngā kararehe karboni i te wā o te whakaputa. Kātahi ka whakatika i ētahi whakapae whai pono e pā ana ki te whai oranga o te tāone i ēnei wā, e whakawātea ai i te whakapūtanga i ngā kararehe karboni kounga teitei kia kaua e waiho i te tohu nui rawa ki te taiao. Kei te māmātia e te tini o ngā kamupene ēnei tikanga whakamahia hauora, e kite ana i ngā heke tika i ō rātou whakapae karboni o ngā whakaputinga mai i ngā whare putanga.

Ngā Wāhi Akeihikaro Tirohanga Tika me te Waihotanga Iti

Ko te hiahia kia nui ake i ngā wāhanga paraihe hohonu whakarite e pēhi ana i ngā kaihanga kia whanake i ngā tikanga hou e āwhina ana i te taiao. Ka taea pea e koutou te tauira 3D - kua āhua taea e ngā kamupene te whakaputa i ngā āhua pīroiroi tāpiri ki te tino hiahia, e iti ai i te paraihe kua whakaputua i te wā e whai rawa atu ana i te mea e kaihanga. Ko ngā painga taiao ki konei he nui tonu mai i te tikanga tawhito e waiho tonu ana i te paraihe hohonu kaha. Anō hoki, te āhua e taea ai te whakatōtahi i ērā whakaritenga tūmatanui ki ngā wāhanga rerekē rerekē e whai ai i te mahi pai ake a ngā hua i te wā e kati ai, me te whakarewa i te wā e kati ai o ratou koiora. Ki te āpiti, āc he aha ake pea i ēnei tikanga whakapai ake, me kitea e koutou he whakaritenga paraihe hohonu kia tū kaha ai i te whakapai ake i te whānuitanga o te whakapapa hua hiko.

Te Mahi a te Aniwaniwa i Raro i ngā Porihitanga Moemoeātia me ngā Porihitanga Rorohiko

Ngā Huinga Whakaheke Mō ngā Kā Wīra

Ko te pāpaku karapini he wāhanga nui ki te whakapai ake i ngā waka hiko kia pai ake ai i ā rātou mahi. Ina whakamahia ēnei taputapu whakamāmā e ngā kaihanga waka i te wāhi o ngā taputapu taumaha ake, ka whakamāmā ake te waka katoa i te huarahi. Ko ngā waka whakamāmā kia tere ake ai te haere i waenganui i ngā whakakapinga me te whai whakamahinga kaha ake i te katoa. I whakaatu ngā whiriwhiri kei te tango i te 25% te iti ake i ngā here kaha mā te whakakapi i ngā taputapu tūmau ki te pāpaku karapini. Kāore ngā painga i te tere me te whakahaere noa atu. Mō ngā kamupene waka e arataki ana ki ngā whiringa kākāriki, ko tēnei momo whanaketanga taputapu e āwhina i a rātou kia eke atu ki ngā whāinga whakauru tika ana i te wā e whakaratonga ana i ngā waka e hiahia ana ngā tāngata ki te taraiwa.

Ngā Whakamahi Rangatira mo ngā Kāwai Rangi

Ko te paraihe karuhi te kaihuringa pāpaku i te umanga hauropi nā tana whakapāwhara whakapāwhara. Ina hangaia e ngā kaihanga ngā rererangi ki ēnei taputapu engari kaua ko te tūmata hou, ka taea e rātou te whakaiti i te taumaha katoa nui ake i te 20%. Ko ngā taumaha whakaiti e hāngai ana ki te iti ake o ngā kaihoko kaihoko i ngā rerenga hau, arā, he iti ake ngā utu whakahaere mō ngā kamupene rererangi me te iti ake hoki i ngā kāpua hau parauri. Kei te nuinga o ngā rererangi hokohoko hou kua whakauruhia kia roa te paraihe karuhi ki te katoa o te hanganga. Ko te nekeneke ki ēnei taputapu matua he tika nō te āhua o te tāpoi, ā, he āwhina anō hoki i te umanga rererangi kia tutuki i ngā hiahia kaha ake ki ngā whakahaerenga koreparu i te wā katoa.

Ngā Tari Karbona kei Roto i ngā Kōmponenti Whirinaki

Kei te māmātia e te mātāpuna o ngā inijia ngā tuaka karapine heke i ēnei rā nei i te nuinga o te kaha ki te whakakaha i te taumaha iti nei. Ko te mea tino nui ake ko te iti o te taumaha o te taputapu e whai ana i te whakakaha i ngā mea katoa mai i te hanga whare ki ngā wāhanga waka, ā, ko te mutunga ka hua mai ko te iti ake o te whakamahi parakiru me te iti ake o ngā hauwai. Engari ko te āhua tino rerekē o te karapine ko te āhua e āhua ai, e hanga ai. Ka taea e ngā inijia te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga hoahoa hei tiki i ngā whāinga mahi uaua ake i te wā kotahi me te whakauru i te aukati i ngā pānga ki te taiao. Ko te āhua nei ka kitea e tātou te karapine kei te tū mai ana i ngā whare kāriki ki ngā toihau e kaitiaki ana i te taiao, kei hea te iti ake o te waihanga taputapu he mea nui kia tika te mahi.

Ngā Whai Wāhi i te Whanonga Whakahokia Karbona me te Pūnaha Porowhita

Nga Kaupapa Pūkaha vs. Ngā Kaupapa Rīkeri

Kei te nui ake te whakapai ake i te ara e whakamahia ana e mātou ki te rēwera karaihe karaihe hei waihanga i te tino kākāriki o tēnei tāpoi, ina nā te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā tikanga hinonga me ngā tikanga matū. Ko te whakarewa hinonga te nui ake te māmā me te iti ake te utu, ā, ko te tikanga tērā i nui ai te whakamahi ake e ngā kamupene i te tuatahi. Engari kei te tāwhai tētahi: ko te hua i whakarewera kaua ko te kaha o te karaihe karaihe hōu. Ko te whakarewa matū e wehea ana. He nui ake te utu o te nuinga o te wā, engari ka pakaru tōna whakarewa i ngā aho, ā, ka hangaia anō i te kotahi te kotahi. Ko te tikanga tēnei ka rite tonu te āhua me te mahi o te hua mutunga ki te tāpoi takotoranga. Mō ngā kaihanga e ngana ana ki te waihanga i ngā pūnaha kauta kauta kei reira ko te māmā te kaiwhakarewa anō i te wāhi eke noa ki te rāwekenga, ka tuku mai te whakarewa matū i te mea e hiahiatia ana - te kounga tatau i te wā o ngā maha o ngā whakamahinga anō. I te nuinga o te inihua mō ngā tikanga whakapai ai i te ao mātāpuna i roto i ngā umanga, kei te nui ake te hiahia ki te whakauru i te karaihe karaihe ki te wāhi e noho ana i te pāpaku hei nui ake te take o te taiao me te oranga roa o te pakihi.

Whakahoutia i te Wāhi Hanganga

Kei te timata te umanga paraihe karuhi ki te whai hinengaro ki ngā matū kāore i te whakamahia, e tohu ana i te whakarereketanga tūmatanui ki te aronga ki te whakauru. Kei te kitea e ngā kamupene ngā ara hei whai i ērā whakaputu kāore i te whakamahia me te huri i ērā ki ngā mea pērā i ngā taputapu wharepaku, i ngā hua hui rānei, engari kāore i te māmātia noa atu. Ka iti ake tēnei aronga i te katoa o ngā taonga e hinga ana ki ngā wāhi tāpapa, ā, ka hangaia hoki ngā hua e hāngai ana ki te maakete. Ka tīmata te hanga me ngā wāhanga waka hei tauira. Ina whakaurua e ēnei umanga ngā paraihe kāore i te whakamahia, kei te āwhina i te taiao i te wā kotahi me te whai hua ake i te utu o ō rātou whakaputu. Ahakoa kei te wā tonu ētahi wero e taraiwa, kei te kitea e ngā pakihi e whai wāhi mai ana ki tēnei tauira porowhita ngā painga pūtea me te iti ake o te kāri karuhi i ngā tikanga hauhake karuhi tuku iho.

Ngā Ratonga Hanga Whakauru

Ko ngā punaha whakaputa tātai ka tūhono ki te kāinga mō ngā kaihanga e whai ana kia iti ake te waihanga. Kei te whakauru ake ngā punaha nei i ngā tāonga ki te tōaitanga o te whare paku whakaputa anō anō i te wāhi e whakaputua ai te parakiru. I whakaatu mai ngā rangahau ko ngā kamupene e huri ana ki tēnei aronga ka whakamahi i te iti ake i te nuinga o ngā tāonga tāpure, e hāngai ana kia kaha ake te haere ki te kākāriki. Whakatauhia te karaihe karbona hei tauira ka whakamahia anō i te nuinga o ngā wā whakaputa. Kua pakaru te moni mō ngā whare paku nā te mea kāore he hiahia kia hoko i te nui ake o ngā tāonga hōu. Anō hoki, ko te taiao ka whai painga hoki nā te iti ake o te parakiru e noho ana ki ngā wāhi tāone. Ina tākarotia ngā tāonga ki roto i te punaha, kāore he hiahia kia tango ake i te waihanga o te taiao. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga e kite ana i tēnei hei tikanga whai hua - kua pakari te rauropi o rātou ka tū ake hoki he iti ake te āwhāwaitanga ki ngā raru taiao.

Ngā Tohu o te Tūroa: Ngā Rauemi Kua Piki i te Waiora me te Whēako o te Aho

Ngā Bio-Polimā Nuihanga i te Hanganga Raru

Kei te tīmata ngā kaiwhakarewa haumanu ki te takotoranga o ngā kaiwhakarewa hou, e whakarato ana i ngā huarahi korekau i ngā kaiwhakarewa hou ake i ngā tikanga hou. I hangaia mai i ngā mea ka taea e te taiao te whakarewa, kei te whakarato ngā kaiwhakarewa e kore ana i te wā mōrearea ki te whakaiti i tā tātou whakamahi i ngā hua e pāngia ana e te hinu me te whakaiti i te aratau ake. Tangohia te tauira ko te mātāpuna lignocellulosic me ētahi atu kaiwhakarewa pāpaku e whakapau ana i te wāhi i ngā hātepe e domine ana e te kāwai hou. He aha te mea nui i tēnei whakapai ake? Nuake, ka whakatika i ngā pāngarō ki te taiao i te wā e ū ana ki ngā hiahia o ngā kaihanga i ngā āhuatanga mahi. Mō te tāngata e mātātoko nei i te wāhi, kei te whakawhanake tonu i te rōpū pūkenga ki te rangahau e pā ana ki te whakaputanga i ēnei kaiwhakarewa haumanu he mea nui kia tū tonu ai te tāone hou ki te wā mōrearea.

Te Whakawhanake Tirohanga o ngā Komihana Kowhatu

Kei te rere haere ngā tāpiritanga kākāriki i tēnei wā, kei te nuinga o te raru mai i ngā kāwanatanga e whakapai haere ana i ngā ture aronui me te hiahia a te kaihoko kia kākāriki ake ngā hua i ngā wā katoa. Kua timata kē ētahi kaihanga ki te whakauru i te rawa ki te whanaketanga i ngā kōwhiringa kiriata kābona e tika ana ki ngā kaupapa kākāriki hōu nei. Ko ngā ripoata umanga e whakamōhiotia ana e 20% te tipu hauhautanga mo tēnei tāone i ngā tau e whai ake nei. He aha te take e nui ana tēnei? Nā te mea, āwhina ana i ngā kamupene ki te eke atu ki ō rātou whāinga whakauru kia kākāriki tonu ai te kounga o te hua. Engari kāore i te mea pai anake tēnei mō te whenua. Ko ngā kamupene e tīmata ana i te inihua i ēnei hanganga ka kitea e rātou kia mua ake i ngā kaiwhawhai e inoi ana. Kua timata kē te ahumoni motuka ki te whakakapi i ngā tāpiritanga taketake ki ēnei kōwhiringa aronui ki runga i te maha o ngā tauira waka.

Ngā Kaitaki Whakaaetanga Whakatoi

Ko te whakamahi i te whai mātua ki te mahi mō te āhua whakarewa e hāngai ana ki te katoa e hui tahi ana, me ngā kaihāngai, ngā kairangahau, me ngā rōpū kāwanatanga e hiahiatia ana kia mahi tātou. Ina tōtō ngā rōpū nei i ā rātou mōhio, whakaputua ngā hangarau hōu, me te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pai, ka āwhina i te whakaproduction ki te kore. Ko ngā hononga ā-whānui e āwhina i te tino tāone katoa kia eke ki ngā whāinga kākāriki tātou i te wā anō rā ka whai hua ai i ngā whāinga hou ki te whakamahi i te āhua whakarewa pai ake. Ko ngā kamupene e mahi tahi ana i tēnei ara ka noho hou ina aukati i ā rātou kawenga ki te taiao. Ki te tiro i ngā kaupapa hou i reka ai te āhuatanga whakamahi i te 30%, ka kitea e mātou he aha te whanaungatanga e nui ana te take ki te whakapono kia noho tonu te āhua whakarewa e whai rawa ana me te whai tikanga ki tā mātou whenua.

Ngā Pātai Tāpiri

He aha te mea e mahi ai te kōmihana aniwaniwa hei utu whakahirahira?

E whakautea ana ngā kōmihana aniwaniwa nā te ratonga nui ki te mīhini, te kiko rangaranga, te takatū whakatika, me te whakarite ki ngā wā o te āhua o te taiao me te kohereka, koinei te pai noa ki ngā whakahaere hanga i ngā rohe hanga.

Pēhea te whakamahere i te kōmihana aniwaniwa ki te whakangungu i te waihape i roto i te whakatere?

Kei te whakaiti i te mana o ngā waka te kākano karbona, e whai ake nei i te hiranga pūmau me te whakaiti i ngā taiao CO2, e whakangungu ana ki te rorohiko whakatipuranga.

He aha ngā takahitanga taiao e pā ana ki te hanga kākano karbona?

Kei te nui rawa te kaihao ēnei i te hanga kākano karbona, kei te noho tino waenganui ki ngā rauropi mō te petroleumi, me te whakaputu mai i te waipiro nui, e whakamomori ana i ngā take taiao whakatipuranga.

Me pēhea te whenua e mahi ana ki te whakaae i ngā whanonga taiao o te kākano karbona?

Kei te rangahau i ngā tae moemoeā, ngā tari whai herehere ēnei, me ngā momo whakawhitiwhiti kākano hei whakangū kia iti ai ngā whanonga taiao, me te haere atu ki ngā tikanga hanga whakatipuranga.

Kei te whai wā te kākano karbona hei painga mō ngā waka āmio i te tūwāhi?

Āe, e taea tonu te kākano karbona ki te whakahau i ngā waka āmio tūwāhi o mua ki te whakapai i te hiranga me te mahi pai mā te whakaiti nui i te mana me te whakapai i te whakamahi ēnei.

He aha ngā whakamātau e mahi nei i roto i te whakawhitiwhiti kākano karbona?

Ngā hiranga whakamua ko ngā momo whakawhakaputu rūmaīhiko me ngā momo whakawhitiwhakaaro, te whakahē ki te waipiro hei āheinga noa iho mō ētahi tūtohu hou, ā, te whakaae ki ngā rangahau whakauru pūnaha kia iti ai te nui o te whakarite ā-wai.