Te Hangarau Hīkoi Iho mō ngā Rerehu Pūmau Pai Raweake me ngā Kākahu

Te Pūtaiao o te Whakamahinga Pākarane

Ngā Matū Hōhonu me te Whakato o ngā Pureonga

Ko te whanaketanga o te paraihe karu he tīmatanga ki ngā kaiwhakaputa pēnei i te polyacrylonitrile, te PAN rānei, me te pīhini, e rua tikangia ana hei whakatau i te kaha me te pumau o te hua mutunga. Ko te maha o ngā kaihanga e pīrangi ana ki te PAN nā te mea e whakapai ake ana i te kaha o te hanganga, e whakapai ake hoki i te kaha o te katoa, ā, ko te āhua nei ka pāwhara ake i te maakete mō ngā paraihe karu premium. Ina tīmata ngā kamupene ki ā rātou mahi whanaketanga o ngā kaiwhakaputa, he nui te whai kounga o te PAN me te pīhini mēnā kei te hiahia kia tautohe te paraihe karu ki ngā kawenga o te ao tūmatanui. Kua whakaaturia e ngā ripoata a te ahumoni kua haere tonu te tipu ake o te whanaketanga o ēnei matū tīmatanga i te nuinga o ngā waka e hiahia ana ki ngā wāhanga māmā me te āwherengia e ngā whakamahinga motuhake i ngā wāhanga rerekē. Ki te tiro i ngā tau kua hipa, ko te PAN e noho ana i te 90% o te matū tīmatanga katoa e whakamahia ana i te whanaketanga o te paraihe karu, e whakaatu ana i te wehe pono o tēnei kai i te tōwera whanaketanga katoa.

Ngā Kawa o te Whakawehenga me te Karbonika

Ko te huri i ngā rāwai kua reri ki te āhua o ngā whakapapa ā-hiko e rua ngā waahanga matua: te whakapai a-hiko me te whakapīroiroi. Ko te tuatahi ko te whakapai a-hiko i reira i te wa e whakaputua ai ngā whakapapa ā-mua ka whakaputua ki te hau. Kātahi ka tāpiri i te hau ki tō rātou whai muri me te whakarite i ngā mea e hāngai ana ki te āhua e whai muri ana. Kāore he hinga o te waahanga, kātahi ka runga te whakapapa i te wā e whakaputua ana. I muri i te whakapumau ake mā te whakapai a-hiko, ko te mātātoko pono ka pakaru mai i te whakapīroiroi. Kei konei, ka whakaputua ngā whakapapa ki te hau kaha (kei te 1000 ki te 3000 nekenga Celsius) i roto i te āhuatanga kāore he hau. Ko te nuinga o ngā mea i reira i te tuatahi ka hurihia ki te āhua pure a-hiko i tēnei wā. Ko te whakapai a-hiko pai ka tuku i te 95% o ngā kaihanga, ā he mea nui tēnei ina tatau ana ngā utu huihuinga. Ina mahi tahi ngā rautaki e rua, ka mutu ki ērā whakapapa kaha rawa, kaha rawa hoki i te katoa e hiahia ana ki ngā mea pērā i ngā wāhanga rererangi me ngā wāhanga motukā.

Ngā Pūnaha Hou i te Anuhe Rangatira Whētau

Nano-Whakahaere mō te Whakapaihua i te Tīmatatanga

Ko te mātai nanokai he mea nui ina wāia ana ki te whanake i ngā tikanga kaha ake mō te whakarewa karaihe, no te mea e mahi ana ki ngā tāpoi ki te kōpiko atom ki te whakapai ake i te kaha ake i te wehe kia māmā ake. Ko ngā whakapai hou i ngā karu nanokai, me ngā taumau motuhake, kua whakapai ake i te whakarewa karaihe, whakapai ake hoki i te performance, e whakaatu ana i te kaha o te whakahaere i ngā atom ki te pūtaiao tāpoi. Hei tauira, ētahi mahi hou nei i āwhina i ngā kairangahau ki te hanga i ngā karu nanokai e āki ai te whara, arā, he wāhi roa ake ngā wāhanga ina whakamahia ana i ngā rererangi, motukā rānei. Ko ēnei whakapai ake e hāpai ana i ngā umanga katoa. Kei te kitea e mātou ngā whakamahinga katoa e rere mai ana i tēnei hangarau, ā, kei te wāhi noa kia nui ake ngā whakapai ake i mua. Ko ngā tauwhāinga kaha ki te kīato e whai ai ngā hanganga māmā ake engari kaha ake, ko tēnei mea e hiahia nui ai ngā kaihanga i te hanga, i te waka, me ētahi atu umanga kia piki haere te utu.

Ngā Whakamahi Pai Motokā me te Rāngai Whakaheke

Ko ngā kamupene hāere a-rangi e whakamahi ana i ngā āhua kāpara hāngai kia iti ake te huringa wero, arā ka pai ake te whakamahi kora, me te mahi tūhonohono katoa mō ngā rererangi. Ko te mea he paku māmā, he whakapapa hoki te kaha, nō reira ka taea e ngā kaihanga rererangi te hanga i ngā rererangi kia iti ake te kaihāpai engari kāore i te wehe i te kaha o te hanganga. Kua āki ai hoki ngā kaihanga waka i tēnei, ā, ina he waka hiko te nuinga o te taumaha ka iti ake te roa o te kawenga, me te tere ake hoki. Ko te tauira BMW i3 hei tauira, kei te whakauru i te pāpaku kāpara hāngai ki te pāpaku o tana tinana. Kāore anō pea i te iti ake i te waka, engari ka whakatutuki hoki i ngā tikanga haumaru katoa, ā, ka āwhina i te ahumahi waka kia neke atu ki ngā tikanga whai hua kia pai ake ai te taiao.

Ngā Whakatikanga Aniwaniwa Māmā hei Paihere i te Tono

Te Whakauru Pūnaha Hībiri ki ngā Mete

Ina tāpiritia te paraihe karbona ki ngā rino pērā i te arumini rānei, te maniana rānei, ka hua mai ngā rauemi takotoranga hou e kīia ana he huinga. Ko te paraihe karbona he māmā i te weight engari he whakapāpaku tonu, ā, ko ngā rino he roa te mau tonu me te āhua ōrite ki te whakapapa i ngā āhua maha. Āhua aha ina tāwhaihia? Ka hua mai ngā rauemi e kaha ana te mau i te kaha engari he iti ake te weight i ngā tikanga tawhito. Kua tīmata te ahumoni ki te arataki i tēnei ara. Ko ngā kaihanga waka e hanga ana i ngā waka e haere tere ake ana me te iti ake te kaihoko kora kaua ko te nuinga o te weight nui i mua nei. Kāore i heke te haumaru i te mea katoa. Whakahuatia te Formula 1 racing hei tauira matua. Kua roa ngā kapa e whakamahi ana i te paraihe karbona i te arumini rānei hei tuku i ngā waka rere ki te tere me te āhua ōrite. Ki te āpiti, kei te mahi kē ngā kairangahau ki te whakapai ake i ngā ara hei hono i ēnei rauemi, me te whanaketanga i ngā rino hou e āhua pai ana ki te mahi tahi me te paraihe karbona. Ko te tikanga, ka kitea e mātou anō ētahi atu whakamahinga hou ki ngā tau kei te heke mai.

Te Araheke me te Hīkoi o ngā Motokā Piki Wera

Ko ngā taputapu paraihe karuhi e whai pānga nui ana ki te āhua whaihua me te tere o ngā waka hiko. Ina māmā ake ngā waka nā ngā wāhanga nei, ka haere ake i te tawhiti i ia utu anō hoki, ā, ka pai ake hoki te āki. Ko te rangahau e whakaatu ana i tētahi mea hōu—ka iti ake te taumaha o te waka i te 10 ōrau, ka whai 6 ki te 8 ōrau te whaihua ake i te katoa. Kei te tīmata ngā kaihanga waka ki te hanga i ētahi atu tinana waka hiko ki te paraihe karuhi, e iti ake ai i te kaha e hiahiatia ana e ngā pākahiko. Ko tēnā ka hāere tika ki te tawhiti roa ake ka taea te haere i mua i te hiahiatia e kisiti anō. Ko te maha ake o ngā tāngata e hiahia ana kia pai ake te mahi a ō rātou waka hiko e āki ana i ngā kaihanga kia whakamahi i te paraihe karuhi ake. E korenei anake hei āwhina i ngā whāinga taiao, engari ko te āhua anō hoki o ngā hiahia a ngā kaiwhakamahi ki ā rātou waka i ēnei rā: he tawhiti ake te haere me te tere ake te kōanga. Kei te kitea e mātou tētahi tauira tākarotia kei te āianei ka mātua tāwhaihia e ngā waka hiko o te anamata ngā taputapu iti ake, taputapu huihui, i te wāhi o ngā paraihe tūturu.

Ngā Ratonga Whai Take mo te Whakahoki Karbona

Ngā Tikanga Whakahoki Rezina Mahara

Kei te whiwhi hoki te tikanga o te pirorea hei whakakaha mō te rēwera o te karuhi karaihe, ā, he tino nui ake te whakamahinga i ngā rāpaki kua whakarewa. Hei teka māmā, he aha te mea e mōhiotia ana ko ngā taputapu e pakaru ana i te wāhi pāpaku i roto i te taiao kore o te hau. Ka pakaru tēnei i te tātai rāpaki engari ka waiho i ngā karuhi karaihe kua oti ke te whakamahi anō. Ina tirohia e tātou ngā tikanga tawhito ake pērā i ngā tikanga rēwerau hoki rānei, he iti ake te rēwerau i te pirorea, ā, he iti ake hoki ngā whakaputanga whakaihiihi i te wā o te hānganga. I whakakitea e ngā rangahau ko te tikanga e whiwhi ana i ngā karuhi ki ngā tere ake hoki, arā, kāore i te nui te pakaru i te wā o te hānganga e mau ai te kaha o ngā ahuatanga. Kei te kitea e tātou i ngā wāhi whakahaere i Europi me Te Tai Tokerau Amerika e whakakaha ana i te whakamahi mō te hangarau pirorea, ā, he tino hono hoki ēnei kaupapa ki ngā here ISO e whai ana kia roa ake te wā e whakamahia ai ngā hua karuhi karaihe i mua i te hiahia ki te whakakapi.

Ngā Whakamahi Poro o ngā Rau Whakahokia

Kei te whai wā anō ēnei karbona hua haumaru ki ngā tūāpapa huihuinga, e whakaatu ana i te uara tūmatanui ki ngā wāhi pēnei i ngā waka me ngā whare. Ko te mea e whakatakotoria ai ēnei karbona ko te raihana i te moni i te wā e mau ana i te nuinga o ā rātou ake pūnga kaha, arā, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakakapi i ngā karbona hua kāore anō kia whakamahia ki ngā kōpae hua haumaru. Ko ngā whakamātau e whakaatu ana ko ngā taputapu i hangaia ki ngā kōrero hua haumaru e tāwhai ana i ngā tātai e hiahiatia ana, ā, e maha ngā kaihanga e kii ana i te whakaiti i ngā utu mai i te 30% i te wā e huri mai ana i ngā karbona hua kāore anō kia whakamahia ki ngā karbona hua haumaru, katoa tonu te kounga o te hua. Kei te wātea tonu ngā here. Kei te pīroiroi tonu te whakaae i ngā kōrero hua haumaru ki ngā mākete, anō hoki ko te whakauru i ngā tikanga hanga huihuinga ki ngā rārangi huihuinga kei te tīmatanga he uaua. Engari kei te haere tonu te whakapai ake. Ko ngā tikanga pai ake ki te tango i ngā rēwana tawhito me ngā whakapai ake ki te ara e rerekē ai ngā karbona kei te pakaru pakaru i ēnei here, e tuwhera ai i ngā tata ki te whakamahi whānui ake i ngā karbona hua haumaru mai i ngā wāhanga hōkio ki ngā taputapu hākinakina.

ngā Whakatupuranga 3D i ngā Pūtake Karboni Tino Tiaki

Te Whakaputu Matihiko mō ngā Kōmponeta Matatū

Kua hurihia te ara e whanake ana i ngā whakapakanga hou i te tākotoranga o te mātāpuna karbona me te tino tika, e āwhina ana i ngā kaihanga e hanga tikangia ana i ngā āhua me ngā hoahoa pīroiroi ake i mua. Ko te kaupapa matua kei konei ko te hanga i ngā wāhanga karbona ritenga kei te nui ake te take tonu ki ngā hapa iti. Ki te mātātoko i ngā kapa iti ake, e iti ake te whakapai ake i te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga whakapai ake i mua. Tirohia te aha e āhua ana ki ngā umanga hārerenga me te motukaranenga ina aha nei rātou i te whakamahi i tēnei hangarau hei hanga i ngā wāhanga māmā ake engari kaha ake e pā ana ki ngā inenga tino. Tangohia a Boeing hei tauira i tīmata rātou ki te tā karuwha i ētahi wāhanga rererangi i te tau ki muri. Kāore anō pea i te iti ake i te 40% i ngā rāwekenga rātou i whakamahi, engari i āwhina i ā rātou kaihangahanga rerekētia ngā hoahoa i te wā o te whakapai kore e hiahia ana ki te tīmata anō i te tīmatanga ia wā.

Ngā Tauaromahi Pūkaha me te Whakaiti Rawa

Ko ngā kamupene hāpai ake i ngā wā kua hurihia hei punaha whakamātau mō te whakamatautau i ngā wāhanga paraihe karaihe e 3D ana, e whakaatu ana i te nui o te whakapapa hou o te hanga tāpiri. Ina titiro ki ngā ratonga hanga tūturu, kei te kitea e ngā kaihanga ngā whakaiti nui i te rāwekenga o ngā rāonga tērā i ngā tikanga tawhito. Ko ngā tikanga tawhito e waiho ana i te maha o ngā parae paraihe ki ngā toihau, i te wā e hangaia ana e ngā mātini 3D ngā taputapu tāpiri tāpiri, he iti noa ngā taapiri. E ētahi anō rangahau e kii ana kei te tata ki te 30% te iti ake o te rāwekenga ina hurihia ki ēnei huinga hou. Ko te mea i timata ai i te hanga hāpai ake kei te hurihia hoki ki ngā umanga katoa. Kei te whai whakamātau hoki ngā kaihanga waka ki ngā wāhanga e 3D ana mō ngā waka whakarewa, ā, ko ngā kaihanga waea hoki kei te hiahia ki te whakauru i tēnei hangarau ki ā rātou hua. Ki te āmio, kei te whakapai ake ngā kaihangahanga i ēnei tikanga kia iti ake anake te rāwekenga engari hoki te whakapai ake i te mahi o ngā hua mā ngā whiringa whakapai ake e āwhina ana ngā pūnaha 3D hou.

Karona Matua: Ngā Whakamahinga Tirohanga

Ngā Momotuhi Karona Lignin

Ko te whanaketanga i ngā whio karihi mai i te lignin e āhua whakapā ana hei wāhine kia kaua hei karihi hinekura. Ina whakamahia e ngā kaihanga te lignin hei whakakapi i ngā taputapu pāpaku pētio, ka hua mai he mea tino pai ake mō te taiao i te hākinakina whanaketanga karihi karihi e whai pāpaku kohukohu ana. Ko te rangahau mai i NREL e whakaatu ana ko ēnei whio hōu e tū ana tā te mekameka ki te karihi karihi noa. Ko ngā hua e tohu mai ana i ngā tūponotanga tūturu hei whakaiti i ngā whara taiao mā tēnei ara. Kua kitea e tātou he rerekētanga nui i ngā wāhi katoa i ngā rōpū kaihanga e huri ana ki ngā taputapu pāpaku ake. Kei te hiahia ngā kamupene kia whai kaha ngā whiringa e taea ai te whakamana i ngā hua e hiahiatia ana e ngā kaihoko kia iti ake te pa ki te takutai engari e hiahiatia ana kia pai tonu te kounga o ngā hua.

Te Whakaiti i te Whanonga Minera o ngā Mahi Hanga

Ko te whakaputa i ngā whakapapa karaihe mai i ngā tikanga koiora e āwhina ana i te whakakaha i te whakamahi i ngā kora hinu, e iti ake ai te tahumaero o te whakaputa. Ka tīmata ngā kaihanga ki te mahi me ngā mea pērā i te lignin mai i ngā rākau kauta kia whakapumau i ngā karaihe karaihe. Kei te āki ai te umanga i ngā ara hei whakapai ake i tēnei tikanga, e iti ake ai ngā whakaputanga me te hui tino hauora i te wā o te whakaputa. Kei te kitea e ngā tohunga o te whakapapa tautohe he tino āhua ki ēnei tikanga tuarangi. E whakapono ana ētahi kamupene kei te āki ai i ēnei karaihe taketake ka huri i te ara e hanga ai i ngā waka, ngā rererangi, me te tāpua ngawari, e wātea ai i ngā ara hōu hei whakapai ake i ngā tikanga whakaputa kia kaua ai ki te pāpaku.

Wāhanga FAQ

He aha nga rawa matua mo te whakahaere i nga kowhai karboni?

Na te hanganga matū i ngā rauemi matua mō te whakatipuranga o ngā perehi anara, he polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ā, me te pitch, ko te PAN te uruwhakahe ka whai wāhi nui i ngā perehi anara hirahira, nā tana haumanutanga me tana rangatiratanga.

He aha te nohoanga o ngā mahi whakamātau me ngā mahi whakamarohirohi i te whakatipuranga perehi anara?

Kei te nui rawa te nohoanga o ngā mahi whakamātau me ngā mahi whakamarohirohi hei whakarerekē i ngā rauemi uruwhakahe ki ngā perehi anara. Ka whakatakoto te mahi whakamātau i ngā perehu ki te whakauru hāora, ā, ka whakawhiti te mahi whakamarohirohi i te nui o te rite ki te anara, ka whai i te hiahia korehua me te rangatiratanga nui.

Nā te hanganga nano e whakapakari ana i te hunga perehi anara?

Ka whakapakari te hanganga nano i ngā rauemi perehi anara i te tahitanga ā-pūnaha, ka whakapakari i te rangatiratanga, te whanonga korehua, me te tūtonu. Nā ngā whakamātau pērā i ngā kākano nano ka whakapai i te whiuweku, ka pai ai te whakamahi i roto i ngā ratounga rāngai whakaata me ngā ratounga motokā.

Nā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hāpori e painga ana i te motokā?

Nā ngā materiana hāpai pūmau e whakamahia ana i te muka karbona me ngā meteina hei whakaiti i ngā wāhi o ngā motokā, nō reira ka mau tonu te tūmanawa me ngā ture haumaru. Ka puta he motokā ake rite rawa ā-waha me te noho ki runga i ngā taimaheke Formula 1.

He aha te mahi o te piroriro i roto i te whakahoki i te muka karbona?

Ko te piroriro he tukanga whakaora i tēnei ao e whai mana ai ki te tiakina i ngā hara i runga i ngā materiana muka karbona, e angitutia ai ngā ōrite o ngā muka, me te iti i ngā pūmau me ngā kaweao i roto i te taiao.