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Whakauru ki te Aho Kanawa i ngā Whakamahi Matatū
Kua wāia te karbona whakapae ki te ao o te mātai hanganga he mea motuhake nā te kore e āhua tākarotia ana i tana kaha me te māmā. He aha te mea i whai ai tēnei rawa i te nui o te awherenga? Ko te nuinga he thread karbona e pakaru ana i roto i tētahi atamira, he pāpaku rānei. Ko te putanga? Ko te kaha e whai ana i te iti rawa o tana taumaha. Ko reira i te kitea e tātou i ngā wāhi katoa mai i ngā wāhanga rererangi ki ngā tinana waka tāone kei reka ai te katoa o te grama. Kei te aroha hoki ngā kaihanga taputapu hākinakina ki a ia - whai whakamāramatanga i ngā whutupa, ngā anga pōnaha, tae atu ki ngā pouaka hoki. Kei te nuinga o ngā wāhi e kore ai ngā taputapu tawhito e tino mahi, e kore e tino pai. Kei te rapu tonu ngā kaihanga i ngā ara kia kaha ake ai ngā mea kia kore ai te taumaha, ā, kei te tū tonu a karbona whakapae ki te tuanui. Māwhera ai i te kaha ina hiahiatia ana engari kei te māmā tonu i ngā tini whakamahinga.
He Aha te Aho Kanawa?
Te Whakapapa me te Puta Iho
Ko te paraihe karu he nui ake te nui o ngā ngota karu e whakararangihia ana i te ara e whai ai tēnei taputapu i ētahi wāhi maha. Ina hāngai ngā ngota karu ki te āhua pīroiroi, he mea hahiko te kaha engari he māmā noa. Ko te whakaputanga i te paraihe karu ka tīmata ki tētahi mea e mōhiotia ana ko te polyacrylonitrile, te tikanga ko te PAN. Kei te whai wāhi tēnei kauwhata ki ngā tahata e iti ana e hiahiatia ana ko te whakaratonga hau, kātahi ka whakaratohia te karu. I roto i ngā tahata katoa, ka waihotia te rā ki te kaha kia ngaro i ngā wāhi kāore i te karu, waiho ana i ērā anō ngā kawhe iti e mōhiotia ana hei paraihe karu. Ki te tiki i ngā putanga pai, me whai aroha ki ngā tautuhinga o te wera i te wa o te whakaputa. Nā te mea ka tāia tātari, he pai te paraihe karu ki te nuinga o ngā wāhi e pā ana te taumaha engari kāore e hiahia ana kia iti ake te kaha. Kei te kitea e tātou ki ngā wā katoa inaianei mai i ngā rererangi e rere ana ki runga mai i ngā waka e rere ana ki ngā ara tere.
Ngā Āhuatanga Matua: He māmā, he kaha, he roa hoki te roa
He aha te mea e motuhake ai te paraihe karu? Ko tana kaha e kaha ana ki te whakauru ki tana māmā noa iho. Kāore he rawa atu e tata ana ki tēnei. Ina kōrero mātou mo te taumaha ki te kaha, ka toa tonu te paraihe karu. Whakarahia te hinu, ka taea e te paraihe karu te eke i te raru tāviri ake i mua i te pakaru, arā, ka taea e ia te tū atu ki ngā momo tiriti katoa kaore he pakaru. Kātahi anō hoki te roa kaua ko te kaha anake. Kāore he pāpaku te paraihe karu, kāore hoki e whakamōmona ana i te wā roa penei i ngā metara. Ko te āhua nei ka kitea e tātou ki ngā wāhi katoa mai i ngā wāhanga rererangi e hiahiatia ana kia tū kia ngawari ana i te pōpō i ngā panonitanga o te pēhanga, ki ngā taputapu hanga i ngā tikanga hukapapa, me te taputapu hākinakina e noho ana ki ngā kaha tino pakanga i te wā o te tākarotia. Kei te aroha ngā kaihanga ki te mahi hoki nō te mea ka taea e rātou te hanga i ngā mea e iti noa ana i te taumaha engari he kaha tonu te here i raro i te pōpō nui, ka pakaru ai te moni me te whakapai ake i te mahi o ngā hua i ngā tini umanga.
Muka Karbona me ngā Kupuahunga i ngā Whenua Hihiko
Rangi Tū: Whakangungu Anō te Whakatutuki Rere
Kua tōkaha ngā kaihanga waka rererangi i te tātai karaihe kārihi ki te mutunga ina hōhonu ai i te wāhi māmā ake me te whakapai ake i ngā rererangi i te āhua. Ina heke te taumaha o ngā rererangi nā ēnei tātai, ka iti ake te kora kaua, ā he mea nui tēnei ina piki haere ngā utu kora rererangi me te whakakaha ake i ngā tikanga aronui. Kua whakaatu hoki ngā rangahau e mōhiotia ana e ngā rererangi hokohoko e hangaia ana ki ngā wāhanga karaihe kārihi ka taea te whakaiti i te whakamahinga kora mai i te 20% ki te 30%, arā he iti ake ngā kaupeka e tōkina ki te noho wehenga me te nui ake te nui o te moni e oranga ana i ngā utu whakahaere i te roanga o te wā. He mea nui atu anō? Ko te karaihe kārihi e tū kaha ake ana ki ngā takotoranga hau parurenga i ngā tātai tawhito. E whakapai ake i te whakapono o ngā rererangi i ngā wā o te rere, arā anō hoki he haumaru ake ngā haerenga mō ngā kaipōkai me te whakapai ake i ngā inenga whakahaere mō ngā kamupene rererangi e ngana ana ki te tū ki ngā tātai o te wā.
Motokā: Haere, Paihere, me te Tuku Wairua
Ko te pāpaku karapini te whakawhitinga i te kāmera o te whakangao waka, e whakapai ake ana i te tere, te haumaru, me te pai ake mō te whenua. Me te whakakaha ake a te kāwanatanga i runga i ngā whakaputanga hau, kua tahuri ngā kaiwhakangao waka ki ēnei momo tāpae māmā noa hei whakautu. Ko te iti ake o te taumaha ka iti ake te kora kia neke te waka, nō reira ka iti ake te whakapai ake i te ohaohanga. Ko ngā kaiwhakangao waka tāpoi tiketike pērā i a Ferrari me McLaren kua roa nei rātou e whakamahi ana i ngā wāhanga karapini karaihe i runga i te tau, i te wā e pakaru ana te mea ki a rātou, ko te tāpae te whakakaha i te kaha tino pai, e whakamaru ana i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki roto. Ahakoa ko te nuinga o te tangata e whakapā karapini karaihe ana ki ngā waka utu nui inaianei, kei te timata ngā kaiwhakangao matua ki te whai. Ko te whakapai ake i te mahi mai i te iti ake o te taumaha, me te wā kotahi, ka taea e ngā kamupene te whakapā atu ka tākarotia e rātou tō rātou wāhi ki ngā kaupapa kākāriki kia kaua e whakakaha i te kaha ki raro i te kapu.
Pūtake Pāpori: Tono me te Whai Wāhi
Kāore ngā taputapu hākinakina i tēnei wā i rite ki mua i te wā i whānuitia ai te fibre karuhi. Kei te whiwhi ngā kaitākaro i ngā taputapu e muhu ana i te taumaha engari e taea ana te tāoneke tino kaha. Hei tauira, he māmā ake ngā rākete tēni i ngā tau eke ana i te rākete rakau ake nei engari kei te whai kaha tonu. Ko te mea anō hoki ki ngā pōro nō te ara, kei te āki ai ngā kaitākaro i ngā tere whakapīpī hua o ngā anga hangaia ki tēnei matū kaha rawa. I whakaaturia e ngā rangahau ka pai ake ngā wā o ngā kaitākaro ina hurihia e rātou ngā taputapu fibre karuhi. Kāore he whakamāharatia te nuinga o ngā tīma pāremata e whakauru nui ana ki te hangarau fibre karuhi nō te mea ka tuku tino pungawerewere ai ēnei matū i ngā mea e taea ana e ngā matū tawhito.
Takarua me te Rīporihana: Ngā Whakataurite Matatika
Kua tīmata te ao hōkio me te whawhai ki te mōhio ki te āhua o te nekera kābona, i āwhina i ērā ki te hanga i ngā mea e iti ana engari he tino whiti, e whakamātau ana i ngā here whaitua e hiahiatia ana. Ko te āhua e āwhina ana i te nekera kābona kia tāoneke he whakaiti i ngā waitohu rādio, e hoatu ana i ngā kaitakaro he paku pōkai mō ngā kaupapa whai mōhio me te tirotiro e manawa tāwhai ana i te ha o te whenua. Tirohia ngā pūrongo o ngā utu a te Pentagon - kua tīmata te nui ake o ngā kirimana e tautohu ana i te whakamahinga o ngā wāhanga nekera kābona mō ngā kaupapa whawhai. Me te whakapai ake ake o te pakanga o ēnei rā, e hiahiatia ana e ngā tauā ngā taputapu e tino whiti ana engari e whakapai ake i te kaha pakanga. Ko te āhua i āwhina i te nuinga o ngā kaihautū kia whakamahia kia kaua ko te nekera kābona anō te kōwhiri engari ko te mea e tino hiahiatia ana kia eke tātou ki mua i te pakanga o ēnei rā.
Nga Painga o nga Kaka Karbona
Nui rawa te whanonga wheiropi ki te mīhini
Ko te kaha o te paraihe karu he whakapua ana i tana māmā, nō reira kua tīmata te whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa ki te whakawhirinaki hoki ki a ia. Kei te aroha te umanga ahihanga ki a ia nā te mea me whakapai ngā rererangi engari kaua e pīroiroi rawa, ko te mea anō ko ngā waka e hiahia ana ki te pai ake i te mahi engari kaua e iti te haumaru. I whakaatu mai ngā rangahau ka iti ake te rahi o ngā taputapu ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga ina huri ki ngā wāhanga paraihe karu engari ka tū tonu te kaha. Ko te tikanga, he waka pōpō ake me te haere tonu ake i te iti ake o te kora, he mea nui tēnei i te wā e ngawha ngā kamupene ki te iti ake i ngā utu me te whakapai ake i te taiao.
Nui ake te whanonga me te roa o te wā
Ko te taputapu paraihe karu he kaha me te roa o te wā, nō reira ka taea e ngā hua e wātea ana ki te whakauru ki ngā taiao tino uaua engari kaua e pakaru. HUA kei te hiahiatia pea kia iti ake te tapa e whakatika ana i te wā me te roa ake te wā tonu ake i ngā kōwhiringa. Ko ngā tapa noa he mōrahi ki te mātāpuna rānei, he raru rānei te wai, engari ko te karaiheka karaiheka ka haere tonu ana. Ko te rerekētanga e kitea ana kei ngā mea pērā i ngā taputapu taiao kei reka ai ngā whakakapi i ngā wā pāpaku kua mutu te utu whakamua. Mō tētahi e whai whakaaro ana ki te uara roa, he tika ake te āhua o te karaiheka karaiheka ahakoa te utu ake i te tīmatanga nā te kaha ake o te roa o te wā i ngā kōwhiringa e wātea ana inaianei.
Hoahoa Hangawari me te Whakariterite
Ko te whāriki karapuna he mea motuhake ki te tāone i ngā kōwhiringa hoahoa me ngā mahi ritenga, ko reira i te maha o ngā umanga e mātua whakamahi ana i te mea. Ko te māmā o te rauemi ka āwhina i ngā kamupene kia whakatinana i ā rātou hua ki ngā mea e hiahiatia ana mō ngā mahi motuhake i ngā wāhi rereke. Ka māmā te hunga inihua ki te āhua e whakaranu ana i ngā karapuna, me te takotoranga o ngā takotoranga, ka āwhina i te rauemi kia piki ake i ana kaha. Ko ngā hua e hāngai ana ki te ara nei ka tūhono ki te mahi pai ake i te tino whakaritenga o ngā tikanga hanga. E ētahi kaihanga hoki ka kōrero mō ngā whakapai ake i te kaha ki te iti ake i te taumaha i te wa e whakarereke ana i te rārangi o te whāriki i te wā o te whanaketanga.
Te Tūmatawhānui o te Karbona i ngā Matapaki Hiranga
Ngā Whakatupu Hanganga
Kua whanake haere ngā whakarewa hou i te ara e hanga ai i te paraihe karbona e whakarereke ai i ngā mea mō ngā kaihanga, i te wa e pēra ai ngā tikanga ka tere ake, me te iti ake te utu. Kua kitea e tātou he whanaketanga tūturu i ngā wā kua hipa ki te taha o te whakapai ake i ngā tikanga hāngaitanga anō hoki, me ngā tikanga e iti ake ai ngā rauemi e hiahiatia ana i te katoa. Whakahuatia te taupiri i te 3D me ngā rauemi paraihe karbona hei tauira. Kei te whakaahei tēnei hangarau i ngā kamupene ki te waihanga i ngā tauira tere ake i te katoa i mua i, e iti ake ai te wā me te moni e ngaro ana i ngā mātai tuatahi. E whakapono ana maha o ngā kaimahi i te umanga hei te whakapumau ake i ēnei whakapai kua kīia ai kāore te paraihe karbona ka noho tonu ki te haerenga waka rārangi rānei ki ngā taputapu hākinakina rānei ki te kaha. Engari, ka tīmata pea tātou ki te kite i te whakamahinga ki ngā taputapu katoa e hiahiatia ana te iti ake i te taumaha engari me noho tonu te utu tāpiri.
Whakawhanake ki ngā Waihanga Taiao me ngā Rōpū Tūmatanui
Kei te whai ngā here o te pāpaku karapiti ētahi anō hoki ngā āhua pai pērā i te iti rawa o tana taumaha i te kaha hoki, nā reira ka tino tika ai mō ngā kaupapa e hāngai ana ki te hauora, ā, ina hiahiatia ana te hanga i ngā rerehua hau mōhio e kitea ana i ngā wā katoa inaianei. Āwhina i ngā inžiniera kia hanga i ngā turubine rahi ake ka hua i te maha ake i ērā o ngā taumaha. Kei te ao hoki o te rororoi, kei te tīmata ngā kaihanga ki te whakamahi i ngā taputapu karapiti mō te hanga i ngā wāhanga e iti ana i te taumaha engari e kaha ana te here, ka tāwhai ai i ngā mīhini i te nui ake o te neke me te mahi whānui ake. Ki te tirohia ana ngā kaupapa e āhua ana i ngā tāpoi e rua nei, kei te kitea te wāhi nui kia whānui ake ai. Ko ngā whiriwhiringa hou mai i te MIT me ētahi atu wānanga e totohu mai ana ki te whakamahi tonu i ngā tau e totohu mai ana i te tekau tau e whai muri nei i te nui ake o ngā utu me te nui ake o ngā painga ki te taiao e kore e taea e ngā kamupene te whakapae i te āhua o te āhua o ō rātou mahi.
Ngā Tikanga Whakaaetanga me te Ahuwhenua Whakawhitinga
Ko te whakamana i te taiao kua tuanui ki ngā tini umanga, ā, kāore he whakamāroa te huringa o te whakaputa i ngā kōhatu karaihe. Ko te whakamahi anō i ēnei rākau he tāone nui mō te whakapai ake, ahakoa he uaua tonu te mahi ki te karaihe karaihe nā te rerekētanga o tana hanganga. Kei te mārama kē pea ngā pakihi ki ēnei, ina nui noa ngā kōrero e pā ana ki te whakawhitinga aronui. Kei te kitea e mātou ngā whakaurunga pūkenga e whai ana kia whai ara hou hei whakapai ake i te whakapai ake i ngā hua karaihe karaihe kia kaua e iti ake te kounga. Ki te āianei, kei te whakapono te nuinga o ngā tohunga ka kitea ngā huringa nui ki te ara e hangaia ai te karaihe karaihe, me te iti ake ngā rākau e whakakaha ana i te whakahaere rauemi hauropi hei tikanga noa rānei kaua ko te mea noa i te nuinga e whai pānga ana ki te āki i te taiao.
Ngā Pātai e Patai Pūnoa Ana
He aha te mea e kite ai te karbon raeti hei mea taipu ki ngā whakamahi matatika?
Ko te mea taipu o te karbon raeti ko tana rangatira i waenganui i te mana maru me te mana motuhake, ko tana mana motuhake, me tana tūmanako, ka whakanuia ia hei mea pai mo ngā pakihi whakaaroaro, pērā i te rorohiko me te pahi.
Pēhea te hanga i te karbon raeti?
Kua hangaia te karbona faiwheka i runga i te polyacrylonitrile (PAN) mā ngā mahi o te hāpama me te kākaritanga e whakakoretia ai ngā pūngao karbona, ka puta hei wāhanga karbona ātaahua, he kaha rānei.
Nō ngā hekenga ihea nei ngā whenua e paunga tonu nei i te karbona faiwheka?
Nui ake ngā paonga i paunga tonu nei i te karbona faiwheka ko ngā whenua ā-rorohiko, ā-motoro, ā-karakia poraka, me ngā whenua tūpāpaku rānui me ngā ture mō te whawhai, nā te mea he mana āhua itiiti, he tūwhera, me he kaha ōna.
Me pēhea te whakamahere mai o te karbona faiwheka ki te whakatika?
Ka whakatikatika te karbona faiwheka i te oranga mō te ao mā te whakamahi i ngā waka me ngā rererangi motuhake i te oranga ā-pūmotu me te whakamahi i ngā momo whakahoki e taea ana te iti iho i te waipiro.
