Te Mātauranga Hīkoi Iho mō ngā Rerehu Pūmau me ngā Kākahu: He Whakamātau Iroiro

Te Whakauru Molekulara me te Rākau Atoma o te Karbona Fiber

Te Hononga Karbona-Karbona: Te Pūtanga o te Whanaketanga

Ko te kaha me te whiti o te pāpaku karu he mea nui mai i ngā hononga karu-karu e hono ana i ngā ngota. Ina hui ngā hononga nei, ka hangaia e ratou he whare herekura kaha ki te taumata molekīne e pai ai te tūkino i ngā kaha e ngana ana kia kōpū, kia pakaru rānei i te tāpoi. Ko te take i pēra ai te kaha o te pāpaku karu i te wā kotahi me te whiti, ko te nui o ngā ngota karu i rereke ai. I tētahi tuhinga hou e whakaatu ana i tētahi mea hihiri i roto i ngā hononga karu i tākarotia e te Pāpā Journal of Materials Science. Ko ngā panonitanga iti anake i te ara e whakariterite ai i ēnei hononga e āhua rerekē ai i te kaha me te whiti o te hua mutunga.

Te Whirinaki Kīngine: Me pea ko te Whāinga i Tino Whakahaere ai te Mahi

Ko te ara e whakaratonga ai ngā ngota karuhi ki roto i te karuhi whakarewa e whai ana i te kaha ki te whakapā ki te korekau e tāpiri kia kore he taumaha. Ina tāwhai ana ngā ngota i ā rātou ake wa pūmahara i te wā o te hanga, ka waihangatia e rātou ngā whakarewa e whai kaha ana me te māmā hoki i runga i ā rātou waewae. Ko te mea hāngai ko te āhua o ngā karuhi e pā ana ki te āhua o te wera e neke ana i roto i te tāpoi me te āwhina i tana kaha ki te whakawhitinga i te hiko. Ko ngā kairangahau tāpoi kua kitea e te wā e te wā anō ko ngā karuhi karuhi kei reira ngā karuhi e tāwhai ana i te tino pai kua whai hua tino pai ake i te nuinga. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka tukuna i te wera tere ake me te whakawhitinga hiko korekau i runga i ā rātou anō āhua kāore i te rite, e whakamārama ana i te nuinga o ngā tāpoi e hiahiatia ana i te āhua o te hanganga.

PAN vs. Rerei Piki: Nga Take Whakangāwari

Ina whiriwhiri ana i waenganui i ngā kauta Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) me ngā kauta pīhini, me whai mōhio ngā kaihanga ki te pānga o tō rātou whiriwhiri ki ngā mahi ake, me ngā wāhi e whakamahia ai ngā hua kauta karaihe. Ko ngā kauta PAN e toa ana, he māmā hoki, nō reira te nui ake o ngā kamupene e whiriwhiri ana i ēnei mō ngā mea pērā i ngā wāhanga rererangi, i ētahi atu hua mō ngā rererangi hōu. Kei te taha atu ko ngā kauta pīhini hangaia mai i ngā mea pērā ki te hinu toto, ki te taru hīnau rānei. E āhua rerekē ana tā ērā atu – he pai ake te whakaeke i te wera, me te whakapūmau i ā rātou āhua ina pēhia. Ki te tiro ki ngā raraunga mai i ngā ripoata huihuinga, ko te kaha tōngetanga o ngā kauta PAN te nui ake. Engari kaua e whakakore ngā kauta pīhini. He pai hoki tā rātou mahi i te whakawhitinga wera i ngā mata, nō reira ko te tino tāone rauemi mō ngā whakamahinga ahumoni kei reira me whakauru ngā rauemi ki ngā wera tino whakapāhunu kia kaua e pakaru i te wā.

Te Whakaaetanga i te Putunga Pūtake Karbona

Nā te Acrylonitrile ki te Grafa: Te Putunga Karbona

Ko te whakaputa i te fibre karaihe mai i te acrylonitrile e hiahiatia ana he tukanga carbonization tūpato e ētahi wa e hiahiatia ana. Tuatahi, ko te matū timata e mōhiotia ana ko polyacrylonitrile, te whakapīpīrangi, te whakaputua ki ngā aho pakaru. Kātahi ka pānuihia ngā aho ki te whakapai ake i te tūpuna. Ko te aha i konei he whakapai ake i te rerekētanga o ngā molekī o te PAN kia taea ai e rātou te eke atu i ngā wā pāpaku teitei kia kore ai rātou e pakaru, e whakakaha ai i te tukanga e whai ake nei. I muri i te whakapai ake ka tū a carbonization. I tēnei wā, ka whakaputua ngā aho kua whakatika ki waenganui i te 1000 degrees Celsius ki te 3000 degrees Celsius, kei te whakauru hoki i te taiao kāore he hau. Ko te pāpaku tino nui ake tēnei e waihangatia ai ngā hanganga karaihe pīroiroi e whakarato ana i te kaha tino rongonui o te fibre karaihe.

Ko ngā kōawa korekore, tae atu ki te nitrogene, he mea matua nui i te wā o te hanga hei aukati i ngā rauemi kia kaua e ruwha ina eke ki te hau parurenga. Ko te whanaketanga i te fibre karaihe he nui te whakahaere i ēnei tikanga tāwhai hoki i te rohe o te mahi, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā whare wāhi hanga e whakapuaki ana i te 50 ki te 60 ōrau teika o ō rātou hua. Kei te roa tonu te whakahaerenga katoa e iwa ki te waru haora te roa, kia rite ki te rahi o te taraiwa, ahakoa he nui te take kia tika katoa ngā waahanga katoa hei hanga i te fibre karaihe o te kounga teitei e hiahiatia ana e ngā kamupene i ngā wā tuku mātātā me te motukā i ēnei rā.

Ngā Tauarahere: Nā Tahi Huringa i ngā Kākahu Anara

Ko te ara e whirinakia ai ngā whakapapa karaihe e whai ana i te kaha me te whakapāwhara o te hua mutunga. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihanga e noho ana ki te whiriwiri papai, ki te whiriwiri rānei i ngā āhua rerekē rānei e hiahiatia ana e rātou i ā rātou rauemi. Ko te whiriwiri papai ko te tāpiri noa i ngā kiriata e huri haere ana ki runga i te tāparu, ki raro rānei i runga i te takotoranga, e waihangatia ai te mea tino whakapāwhara engari he whānui tonu hoki ki ngā mea pērā i ngā wāhanga ophanging o ngā waka kei hea te whakapā whakapā. Ko ngā inihini waka e tautohe ana ki tēnei momo nā te mea e tū ana i te pēhi kaha kaua ko te āhua o mua.

Ko ngā ahu-tāweave he āhua whakarara e kitea ana i te tāweave, e whakapai ake ana i te whakauru o te tapa kaha, kaua ko te kaha. Nā te tauira o ngā mea e rua nei, ka pai tana whakamahinga ina hiahia ana koe ki te mea kia māmā ake, me te māmā ake te kōpiko, ā, ko te āhua nei ka tino mōhio te hua o te tapa whakaputanga. Ko ngā tikanga rereke e whakahaere ai i te āhua o te karaihe karaihe kia rerekē ai te āhua o te karaihe kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te tāone. Ka kitea e koe ngā tikanga nei i ngā waka hōkio, tae atu ki ngā taputapu e kawe ana ngā tāngata i ia rā, e whakamāoritia ana te whāwhātanga o ngā tauira nei ki ngā mahi hanga hou.

Te Tirohanga Tuatahi i te Whakauru Karboni

Kia tūpato ai kia kaua ngā karuwhiti karbon ki te tōtika, me whai whakahaere kounga teitei te whakapumau i te whanaketanga. Ko ngā whakamātau matua ko te whakamahi i ngā rerehua inaia me ngā nekehi röntgen e kite ai i ngā ngoikera e huna ana ki roto i te matāpuna i te wā e tautohu ana i te kaha me te roa o ngā karuwhiti. He nui te whakamātau kounga nā te mea e mōhiotia ana ngā raru iti ki te whanaketanga ka taea te kaihanga i ngā hua iti ake i muri mai. Ko tētahi wāhi ngoikera anake e mōhiotia ai te ngoikera i raro i te pēhanga, e mārama ai he nui te utu ake e ngā kamupene ki ā rātou whakauru whakamātau mō ngā wāhanga karbon.

Kei ngā mahi whakahaere i te whenua, ka tae atu te whakamana o te haere kaiwhakaū i te pai ake o te tiaki i te mea. Hei tauira, mō te tirohanga ā-wāhanga me te tirohanga, e āhei ana ngā hangaenga ki te hāngai i ngā paerewa matatika o te whenua me te wāhi i runga i ngā paepae whakamārama a ngā kaiwhakamahi mō te roa me te tino wānanga i ngā tūtohitanga e tū mai nei i ngā tahuhu waka ki ngā papa rererangi matatini.

Ngā Pānga Pūkaha me ngā Tīmatatanga Whai Wāhi

Te Mana Whakatupu: Te whakatau i te Karbona Rere ki te Poutama

Kei te whai rawa te fibre karuhi i te āhua whakapae ki te here i raro i te tā tension e tū mai ana ina kia tāwhai kia ngota penei i te hinu. Tirohia ngā tau: ka taea e te fibre karuhi te whakauru i te 4,000 MPa o te kaha i mua i te pakaru, i te nuinga o te wā ka taea e te hinu noa te 250 ki te 500 MPa. Ko te mea motuhake o te fibre karuhi ko tana kaha ki te pāpaku. Ko te takotoranga o te māmā me te whakapae kei te whakamahia e ngā kaihanga i ngā wāhi e āhua ngota ana te katoa o ngā karamu. Kua roa kē te whakamahi a te ahurea awhi fibre karuhi i ngā wāhanga, ā, kua āwhina hoki ngā kaihanga waka anō hoki. Kāore ngā waka e whakauru fibre karuhi ana i te pai ake i te mahi, engari ka iti ake hoki te kaiwhakamahi karuhi nā te iti ake o te taumaha. Kei te rapu tonu ngā kaihangahanga i ngā ara hou hei whakamahi i tēnei rauemi nā tana āhua whakapae, ā, ko tēnei e kitea ana i ngā tuhinga rangahau hangarau i roto i ngā kaupapa maha.

Te Whakarite Huringa: Te Mana i Runga i ngā Kawa Whakahirahira

Ko te mea i tūhonoa ai te paraihe karbona ko te pounamu tonu o te wā e pā ana te hihi. Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu ka tīmata ki te whakawhitinga i raro i te hukapapa o te hihi, engari ko te paraihe karbona kei te mau tonu i tana āhua me te kaha hoki i ngā wā raru. Ko tēnā te āhua o te rerekētanga mō ngā mea pērā i ngā wāhanga waka ā-hau me ngā mōhinu waka kei te nuinga o te whakahaere wera. Whakahuatia ngā waka tākaro hei tauira ka tūhonoa ki te nuinga o te mirumiru me te tere, engari ko ngā wāhanga karbona paraihe e tū ana tino pai i te wā. Ko ngā rangahau e whakaputua ana i te wā kotahi te whakapono hoki, i kitea e ngā kairangahau he kaha tonu ngā karu e mahi ana i te wā e pā ana ki ngā wera tino nui. Mō ngā kaihoahoa e whakawhitinga ana i ngā wāhanga e hiahiatia ana kia ora ai i ngā taiao raru, ko te paraihe karbona kua nui ake te nui ki te kaha kāore i te tākarotia ki te reri i te hihi kia kaua e wehe kia mahi.

Tribology: Te Whiu me te Wero Pūmau i roto i ngā Whakamahi

Kei te mātua aronga a tribology ki te āhua o ngā mea e miramirahia ana, e wareware ana, me te whakapakaru, e nui ana te take ina tirohia te paparinga o te paraire karboni ki te whakaiti i ngā papai mekameka. Ko te mea e rite ai te paraire karboni ko tana ake whakapai ake i te miramiratanga, arā, ko ngā wāhanga e roa ana i mua i te hiahia ki te whakakapi. Ka taea e koe te whakamahi i ngā paraire karboni e whakakaha ai i ngā rāpoi, hei tauira, e whakaatu ana ēnei rauemi i te whakapae tika ki te miramiratanga me te wareware, arā, koia hoki te take i whakamahia ai hau te pere o te tere pikinga me ētahi atu whakamahinga uaua ki te ao pakihi. Ko tētahi tuhinga hou e whai ana i te kōtaha Polymers e whakakaha ana i tēnei, e whakaatu ana i te aha o te paraire karboni i te whakaiti i te wareware me te miramiratanga. Mō ngā kaihanga e deal ana ki ngā take o te wareware i ō rātou taputapu, kaore i te whakaaro noa te whakauru i te paraire karboni ki ngā hoahoa - he painga tūmatanui, he wāhanga uaua, he wāhanga uaua

Karbonetā i roto i te Hangarau Motokā me te Hangarau Rorke

Mehemea te Waihangatanga i ngā Motokā: Ngā Tūtohu Motokā Karbonetā

Ko te paraihe karuhi ka nui ake te whakamahingia hei maama i ngā waka, arā ka pai ake te tapeke o te kora, me te tere ake te whakakei. He aha te take? Ko te paraihe karuhi he tino whiti, engari he tino kaha, ina whakaritea ki te hinu noa rānei, te tira hoki. Kei te whakamahi ake ngā kaihanga i ngā mea pērā i ngā paraire mātā, ngā tapa kauta, me ngā paraire rerehua anō hoki e hiahia ana ngā tāngata ki te whakanoho i ō rātou waka tere. E roa ake ngā wāhanga e whakamahi ana i ēnei mea, ā, he āwhina hoki ki te wehe i te hau. Tirohia te mahi a Tesla ki tana tauira S Plaid, rāua ko te whakamahi a BMW i te paraihe karuhi kua whakakahaia ki tana tauira i8 hibirihi. Kei te tāpiripiri ake ngā kamupene waka i ngā wāhanga paraihe karuhi ki ngā tauira hou ake, i te nuinga o te wa e hiahia ana ngā kaihoko ki ngā whiringa korekaua, engari he kaha tonu te tere ina tāwhai ana i te ara.

Ngā Wāhanga Roro: Te Pai ake i te Kaiwhakarite Hau Ki te Momo Matāpuna

Kei te awhina pea te whakamahi i te paraihe karuhi ki ngā wāhanga rererangi kia iti ake te kaihoko kaua, i te wa e mau ana i te kaha o te mea katoa. Ko ngā kaihanga rererangi rahi e whakamānawa ana i te paraihe karuhi ki ngā kauta, tinana, me ngā upoko, i ērā hoki ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana kia māmā, me te kaha hoki. Ka taea e koe te Boeing 787 Dreamliner hei tauira, kei te whakamahi i te nuinga o te paraihe karuhi, ā, ka tiaki i te 20% te nuinga o te kaihoko ina rere ana tērā i ngā tau kei muri. Kei te tautoko hoki ngā tau tēnei, e kite ana ngā kamupene i te performance pai ake i te katoa, me te iti ake te utu ki te whakahaere i ō rātou rererangi. Ko reira i te tau nei ka nui ake te kitea i te paraihe karuhi ki ngā hoahoa rererangi hou.

Ngā Pūtonga Rokiti: Ngā Whakaaetanga Muka Karbona Tuhituhi Mo Te Wā O Te Huringa Uiui

Ko ngā ratonga hohonu karbon ki te whakatauira he nui ake te whakamahinga mō ngā puoro rakete i ēnei rā, i te mea e taea ana e rātou te whakaeke i ngā tikanga wera kauta. Ka taea e te matāpuna te tūturu i ngā wera tino nui kāore i te pakaru, he mea nui tēnei i te āhua o te mahi rakete. Ko te tikanga, ko ngā inihua e whakarerekē ana i te taraiwa karbon kia rite ki ngā hiahia motuhake o te kaipākiri, e whakauru ana i te kaha ki te here o ngā here tāone. Ko ngā rangahau a NASA me ētahi atu kaiwhakawhanake wāhi e whakatau tēnei, e whakaatu ana i te hohonu karbon e tino pai ake ana i ngā metara pērā i te mātāpuna, titanium rānei ina tāia ki te hau hau tino nui i ngā wā o te tākiri. I ētahi whakamātau anō hoki kua kitea kua oti ngā karbon huihuinga e toru ngā wā te roa o te kaha ki te pakaru i ngā matāpuna tūmatanui i mua i te pakaru ki te ōrite ngā tikanga.

Ngā Whakahaerenga Rorohiko: Mai i ngā Whakarite ki ngā Pūkaha Matihiko

Ngā Whakarite Tino Whakaaetanga: Whakatau ai i te Kīanga Tuatahi

Ko te paraihe karboni kua waihangatia hei mea nui rawa ki te hanga i ngā whakauru e āhua neke ake ana, ā, e āhua pai ake ana ki te tangata e whakamahia ana. Ko tana āhua māmā, engari kaha rawa te take i a koe e whakamahi ai i ngā whakauru kia kaua e pēhia ai te kaiwhakamahi, ā, kia āwhina i a rātou kia neke ake ai. Kāore ngā taputapu tawhito e taea te tāwhai i tēnei takotoranga. Ko te paraihe karboni hoki e pai ana te mahi ki roto i te tinana i te wā roa, nō reira ka tūtohu ngā tākuta i ngā whakauru karboni ki ngā kaipātai e hiahiatia ana i ngā rongoā roa. I whakaatu mai ngā rangahau ka pērā te āhua o te inuā o te kaipātai ina whakamahia e ia tētahi whakauru karboni i te tātai ki ngā tauira tawhito ake. Hei tauira, i whakaatu mai ngā kairangahau ki Te Univerity o Cluj-Napoca ko ngā taputapu huinga e pai ana te mahi ki ngā whakamahinga hauora, ā, ko te take i te nuinga o ngā pātai hauora kei te huri ki ngā whakauru karboni i tēnei wā.

Ngā Whakatū Poutū Karbona Pīrere

Ko ngā rāpoi kua whakakahaia ki te ātete karapuna he nui ngā painga ina tōa ki ngā tikanga mō te whakauru ki te tinana, ina nui noa mai i te kaha ake me te roa ake o te ora, ā mea nui tēnei i te wā o te rongoā. Mō ngā tikanga orthopaedic, kua kitea e ngā tākuta kua mara katoa ngā pāti i muri mai o te rongoā me te whai paku pakanga ki te whakamahi i ēnei rāpoi. Kua whakaatu hoki ngā ako haumanu mai i te hōhipera kua whakamahia kētia ēnei rāpoi ki ngā mea pērā i ngā papa hipa, ā kia pai ake ai te whai kaha ki te whakaeke i te taumaha me te whakapāheketia. Ko te āhua motuhake o tēnei rāpoi ko te kaha ki te whakakaha i te kaha ki te whakapai ake i te whakauru ki te tinana, kia kaua ngā pāti e whai pānga. Ko te whakapono nui a te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere rongoā ko te kite i ngā rāpoi e tō ana i te kaha ki te whai oranga me te haumaru, ā ko te ātete karapuna kei te whakautu i ngā tikanga katoa ka tūtohu ai i te raru iti noa ki te katoa.

Nga Rīpoata Whakarotoroto: Tino Tika Ki Nga Hanganga Materiale

Ko te mea e motuhake ai te pāpaku karapini ko te huringa i te ara i whakawhanakehia ai ngā taputapu whakahirahira nei mō ngā whakamātautau whakamaru irirangi. Nō te iti noa te kaha o te taumaha, ka taea e ngā tākuta te neke i ngā taputapu ki waho, ā, ki te tūhono i ngā mea tūtonu ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana i te wā o ngā wātaka whakamaru. Ko te tikanga, ko ngā rōrahi irirangi ka taea te whai wāhi ki te kaha ake. Ko tētahi atu mea pai hoki mō te pāpaku karapini ko te āhua e mōhiotia ana hei 'radiolucency'. Ko te tikanga, kāore i te kitea ki ngā whakaahua X-ray, nō reira kāore he whakawāwerenga i ngā whakamātautau whakapāpaku. Kua whakamātauria e ngā kairangahau irirangi ngā painga mai i te whakamahi i ngā taputapu karapini. Kei te whiwhi ngā paitini i ngā putanga pai ake, ā, ko te kaiwhakamārama tēnei i te nuinga o te wā i tēnei wā ko te pāpaku karapini te koiora o ngā ara whakamaru ārai matepukupuku.

Āheinga Tūroa: Whakangungu Pūmau me ngā Whakamahi Hōu

Kākano Moana Whakahoki: Whakamutu i te Rota Rauropi

Ko te whakamahau anō i te āhua karuhi he nīkau nui ki te aronga ki ngā tikanga whakaputa anō huaera. Mā te whakamahau anō i te āhua karuhi, ko ngā kaihanga e tango ana i ngā karuhi e whakamahi ana i ngā tāpoi tawhito, a kia kaua e pakaru te kaha o ērā karuhi. Ka taea ēnei karuhi e hoki mai ana te whakamahi anō ki ngā mea katoa mai i ngā wāhanga motukā ki ngā taputapu hākinakina. Kaua ko te roa ake o te ora o ngā hua, engari ka tiakina hoki ngā rāwai taonga me te iti ake i te hiko e hiahiatia ana kia whakaputa i te āhua karuhi hōu. I te tirohanga taiao hoki, he nui te uara nō te iti ake o te parurenga e huihui ana ki ngā wāhi taputapu me te heke o ngā kaupeka taraweti ina kāore ngā kamupene e whakaputa i ngā rāwai hōu mai i te kimi. Ki te tiro i ngā nekehanga o te maakete o nāianei, kei te piki haere ngā ōrau whakamahau anō mō te āhua karuhi ina tīmata ngā umanga katoa ki te aronga ki ngā whāinga arawai i roto i ō rātou aratāwhai.

Te Tauporonui: Karbonu Faiha i roto i te Teka Pūoro

Ko ngā taputapu paraihe karaihe e whakatuwhera ana i ngā tūhono hou mō te hangarau pākahiko ā-nui nei, e kawea mai ana i ētahi whai wāhi nui ki te rerekētanga o te kaha. He aha te mea motuhake o te paraihe karaihe? Nō reira, he māmā te kaha o te paraihe karaihe, ā, he pai hoki te arataki i te hiko. Ko te takotoranga tēnei e āwhina ai i ngā pākahiko kia pai ake te mahi, ā, kia roa ake te ora. Kei te kitea e mātou ngā wātaka tere ake me te whakaputanga āwhina ake ina whakaurua e ngā kaihanga ngā paraihe karaihe ki ō rātou hoahoa. Kei ngā wānanga katoa o te ao e whai whakaaro ana ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā paraihe karaihe composite. E ētahi kāpepa kua whakaatu kē ana i te tūhono ki te rerekētanga o te haere ake o ngā waka hiko i mua i te hokinga mai. Ina haere tonu ngā kamupene ki te whakauru i te taputapu tēnei ki te whanonga pākahiko, ka taea e mātou te whakapai ake i te paerenga mahi i te nuinga o ngā kaupapa. Ko te whanaketanga tēnei pea ka tūhono ai te rerekētanga o te kaha anō hoki ki ngā here o nāianei, ā, ka arahina ki te whakamahinga whānui i ngā tau kei mua.

whai Whakaaweawe: Raraunga Karbonetā Tūmataiti

Kua whanake haere ngā whakapai ake ki te tākupu 3D e whai ana i te āhua hāngai ki te āhua hiko, e huri ana i te ara i hangaia ai ngā wāhanga ritenga, e āwhina ana i te wā e waihangahia ai ngā taputapu ki te tino tika ake i te wā e manufakatura ana. Ko te mea nui i tēnei hangarau ko te nui ake o te whakaaetanga ki te waihanga i ngā āhua pīroiroi kia kaua ai e taumaha ake ngā mea, kaua ko te whakaputu i ngā rauemi. Kua timata kē ētahi kamupene ki te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga, e āhua nui ana ki te wāhanga waihanga rererangi, waihanga motukā e hiahiatia ana ngā āhua motuhake. E iti ake i te rauemi kua whakaputua, e tere ake hoki te tukanga, ā, kua tāwhai i ngā kaupapa o te tākupu taapiri. Kua tīmata te nui ake o ngā pakihi ki te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga, ā, i runga i taua ka taea e tātou te kite i te maha o ngā wāhanga hiko ā-ritenga e toa ake ana i ngā wā katoa.

FAQ

He aha ngā takirua nui rawa i waenganui i ngā raeti karbona PAN me ngā raeti karbona pitch?

Kei ngā kiriwhara PAN ngā wāhi tūmomo mō o rātou rangatiratanga nui me ngā āhuatanga whatiwhati, e hiaia ana hei whakamahi i te roanga whakaawa. E ai ki ngā kiriwhara pitch, i hanga mai i te pētoroliumi rānei i te tar o te koauau, he pai rawa rātou i te whakamahana me te tahuri, ka whai ake nei i ngā whenua e hia ai ngā wāhanga wehe-āhua.

Me pēhea te kiri anati whakahaere i te huanga waka?

Ka whakaiti ētahi atu kiri anati i ngā wāhanga o ngā waka, ahakoa te rangatira me te whai wā kei raro iho, ka whakapakari te whakahaere i ngā ara me te whakahaere i ngā ara.

Ka taea e te kiri anati te whakahoki?

Āe, ka taea te whakahoki i te kiri anati. Ka whakahoki te mahi whakahoki i te kiri anati i runga i ngā raraunga kua noho mai, ka whai ake nei i ngā whakamahi ā-mutunga, kāore i te whakarerekē i te painga, ka whakaiti i te whiuwairua ki te taiao.

He aha te take o te kiri anati i ngā whakamahi rorohiko?

Utu kākano ko te whakamahi i te karbona mō ngā whatu whakatika, nā tana pono hīnaki me te pūmau tonu, e whai ake ana i te āheinga me te ngenge mō ngā kaiwhakahaere. Whakamahia anō i ngā whakatiki oranga me ngā rauemi whakawherowhero utu, e hoatu ana i ngā paunga hiranga, te whakaaro pai ki te ao, me te tūponotanga i roto i ngā rauemi whakawherowhero.